Ohio Natural Health | Jacob Wolf, ND

@article{
 title = {Immunological activity of larch arabinogalactan and Echinacea: a preliminary, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2002},
 pages = {138-49},
 volume = {7},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11991793},
 month = {4},
 id = {97898216-4d7b-355c-b6ff-fe14b93d83c1},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:07.253Z},
 accessed = {2019-07-26},
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 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:57:10.666Z},
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 abstract = {UNLABELLED The immunomodulating effects of two Echinacea species, E. purpurea and E. angustifolia and larch arabinogalactan extracted from Larix occidentalis were examined in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective four-week clinical trial at a naturopathic medical school research center. SUBJECTS/MATERIALS Forty-eight healthy female volunteers (22-51 y) were randomly assigned to one of six groups: standardized extract of E. purpurea (EP); ultra-refined E. purpurea/E. angustifolia (urEPA); E. purpurea/E. angustifolia (EPA); E. purpurea/E. angustifolia plus larch arabinogalactan (EPALA); larch arabinogalactan (LA); or placebo. METHODS Immunological tests with enumerative measurements, stool cultures for Lactobacillus acidophilus and yeast, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the Medical Outcomes Study derived SF-36 self-administered questionnaire were assessed at baseline and at four weeks. RESULTS Complement properdin increased by 21 percent in the EPA group (p<0.05) and by 18 percent in the EPALA group (p<0.05), compared to the placebo group (p>0.05). SF-36 showed improvements in overall physical health, vitality, and emotional health in the same two groups (EPA and EPALA). DISCUSSION Volunteers in the EPA and EPALA groups had increased production of complement properdin after four weeks of intervention. The increased complement properdin may be an indication of one aspect of immune system stimulation in patients treated with either E. purpurea/E. angustifolia or E. purpurea/E. angustifolia plus larch arabinogalactan.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kim, Linda S and Waters, Robert F and Burkholder, Peter M},
 journal = {Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic},
 number = {2},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine}
}

UNLABELLED The immunomodulating effects of two Echinacea species, E. purpurea and E. angustifolia and larch arabinogalactan extracted from Larix occidentalis were examined in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospective four-week clinical trial at a naturopathic medical school research center. SUBJECTS/MATERIALS Forty-eight healthy female volunteers (22-51 y) were randomly assigned to one of six groups: standardized extract of E. purpurea (EP); ultra-refined E. purpurea/E. angustifolia (urEPA); E. purpurea/E. angustifolia (EPA); E. purpurea/E. angustifolia plus larch arabinogalactan (EPALA); larch arabinogalactan (LA); or placebo. METHODS Immunological tests with enumerative measurements, stool cultures for Lactobacillus acidophilus and yeast, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) using the Medical Outcomes Study derived SF-36 self-administered questionnaire were assessed at baseline and at four weeks. RESULTS Complement properdin increased by 21 percent in the EPA group (p<0.05) and by 18 percent in the EPALA group (p<0.05), compared to the placebo group (p>0.05). SF-36 showed improvements in overall physical health, vitality, and emotional health in the same two groups (EPA and EPALA). DISCUSSION Volunteers in the EPA and EPALA groups had increased production of complement properdin after four weeks of intervention. The increased complement properdin may be an indication of one aspect of immune system stimulation in patients treated with either E. purpurea/E. angustifolia or E. purpurea/E. angustifolia plus larch arabinogalactan.

@book{
 title = {Cannabis, pain, and sleep: Lessons from therapeutic clinical trials of sativexρ, a cannabis-based medicine},
 type = {book},
 year = {2007},
 source = {Chemistry and Biodiversity},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 pages = {1729–1743},
 volume = {4},
 issue = {8},
 websites = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/cbdv.200790150},
 month = {8},
 publisher = {WILEY‐VCH Verlag},
 id = {6e648966-c272-3dcd-aed7-a7ea34dad65b},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.545Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
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 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
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 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:55:41.839Z},
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 citation_key = {Russo2007},
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 abstract = {Cannabis sativa L. has been utilized for treatment of pain and sleep disorders since ancient times. This review examines modern studies on effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on sleep. It goes on to report new information on the effects on sleep in the context of medical treatment of neuropathic pain and symptoms of multiple sclerosis, employing standardized oromucosal cannabis-based medicines containing primarily THC, CBD, or a 1 : 1 combination of the two (Sativex). Sleep-laboratory results indicate a mild activating effect of CBD, and slight residual sedation with THC-predominant extracts. Experience to date with Sativex in numerous Phase I-III studies in 2000 subjects with 1000 patient years of exposure demonstrate marked improvement in subjective sleep parameters in patients with a wide variety of pain conditions including multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathic pain, intractable cancer pain, and rheumatoid arthritis, with an acceptable adverse event profile. No tolerance to the benefit of Sativex on pain or sleep, nor need for dosage increases have been noted in safety extension studies of up to four years, wherein 40-50% of subjects attained good or very good sleep quality, a key source of disability in chronic pain syndromes that may contribute to patients' quality of life.},
 bibtype = {book},
 author = {Russo, Ethan B. and Guy, Geoffrey W. and Robson, Philip J.},
 doi = {10.1002/cbdv.200790150}
}

Cannabis sativa L. has been utilized for treatment of pain and sleep disorders since ancient times. This review examines modern studies on effects of Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) on sleep. It goes on to report new information on the effects on sleep in the context of medical treatment of neuropathic pain and symptoms of multiple sclerosis, employing standardized oromucosal cannabis-based medicines containing primarily THC, CBD, or a 1 : 1 combination of the two (Sativex). Sleep-laboratory results indicate a mild activating effect of CBD, and slight residual sedation with THC-predominant extracts. Experience to date with Sativex in numerous Phase I-III studies in 2000 subjects with 1000 patient years of exposure demonstrate marked improvement in subjective sleep parameters in patients with a wide variety of pain conditions including multiple sclerosis, peripheral neuropathic pain, intractable cancer pain, and rheumatoid arthritis, with an acceptable adverse event profile. No tolerance to the benefit of Sativex on pain or sleep, nor need for dosage increases have been noted in safety extension studies of up to four years, wherein 40-50% of subjects attained good or very good sleep quality, a key source of disability in chronic pain syndromes that may contribute to patients' quality of life.

@article{
 title = {Cannabinoids for nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer receiving chemotherapy.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 pages = {CD009464},
 websites = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD009464.pub2,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26561338},
 month = {11},
 publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
 day = {12},
 city = {Chichester, UK},
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 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:00.537Z},
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 citation_key = {Smith2015a},
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 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Cannabis has a long history of medicinal use. Cannabis-based medications (cannabinoids) are based on its active element, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and have been approved for medical purposes. Cannabinoids may be a useful therapeutic option for people with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting that respond poorly to commonly used anti-emetic agents (anti-sickness drugs). However, unpleasant adverse effects may limit their widespread use. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of cannabis-based medications for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer. SEARCH METHODS: We identified studies by searching the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and LILACS from inception to January 2015. We also searched reference lists of reviews and included studies. We did not restrict the search by language of publication. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a cannabis-based medication with either placebo or with a conventional anti-emetic in adults receiving chemotherapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors independently conducted eligibility and risk of bias assessment, and extracted data. We grouped studies based on control groups for meta-analyses conducted using random effects. We expressed efficacy and tolerability outcomes as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: We included 23 RCTs. Most were of cross-over design, on adults undergoing a variety of chemotherapeutic regimens ranging from moderate to high emetic potential for a variety of cancers. The majority of the studies were at risk of bias due to either lack of allocation concealment or attrition. Trials were conducted between 1975 and 1991. No trials involved comparison with newer anti-emetic drugs such as ondansetron. Comparison with placebo People had more chance of reporting complete absence of vomiting (3 trials; 168 participants; RR 5.7; 95% CI 2.6 to 12.6; low quality evidence) and complete absence of nausea and vomiting (3 trials; 288 participants; RR 2.9; 95% CI 1.8 to 4.7; moderate quality evidence) when they received cannabinoids compared with placebo. The percentage of variability in effect estimates that was due to heterogeneity rather than chance was not important (I(2) = 0% in both analyses).People had more chance of withdrawing due to an adverse event (2 trials; 276 participants; RR 6.9; 95% CI 1.96 to 24; I(2) = 0%; very low quality evidence) and less chance of withdrawing due to lack of efficacy when they received cannabinoids, compared with placebo (1 trial; 228 participants; RR 0.05; 95% CI 0.0 to 0.89; low quality evidence). In addition, people had more chance of 'feeling high' when they received cannabinoids compared with placebo (3 trials; 137 participants; RR 31; 95% CI 6.4 to 152; I(2) = 0%).People reported a preference for cannabinoids rather than placebo (2 trials; 256 participants; RR 4.8; 95% CI 1.7 to 13; low quality evidence). Comparison with other anti-emetics There was no evidence of a difference between cannabinoids and prochlorperazine in the proportion of participants reporting no nausea (5 trials; 258 participants; RR 1.5; 95% CI 0.67 to 3.2; I(2) = 63%; low quality evidence), no vomiting (4 trials; 209 participants; RR 1.11; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.44; I(2) = 0%; moderate quality evidence), or complete absence of nausea and vomiting (4 trials; 414 participants; RR 2.0; 95% CI 0.74 to 5.4; I(2) = 60%; low quality evidence). Sensitivity analysis where the two parallel group trials were pooled after removal of the five cross-over trials showed no difference (RR 1.1; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.7) with no heterogeneity (I(2) = 0%).People had more chance of withdrawing due to an adverse event (5 trials; 664 participants; RR 3.9; 95% CI 1.3 to 12; I(2) = 17%; low quality evidence), due to lack of efficacy (1 trial; 42 participants; RR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 8.9; very low quality evidence) and for any reason (1 trial; 42 participants; RR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 8.9; low quality evidence) when they received cannabinoids compared with prochlorperazine.People had more chance of reporting dizziness (7 trials; 675 participants; RR 2.4; 95% CI 1.8 to 3.1; I(2) = 12%), dysphoria (3 trials; 192 participants; RR 7.2; 95% CI 1.3 to 39; I(2) = 0%), euphoria (2 trials; 280 participants; RR 18; 95% CI 2.4 to 133; I(2) = 0%), 'feeling high' (4 trials; 389 participants; RR 6.2; 95% CI 3.5 to 11; I(2) = 0%) and sedation (8 trials; 947 participants; RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8; I(2) = 31%), with significantly more participants reporting the incidence of these adverse events with cannabinoids compared with prochlorperazine.People reported a preference for cannabinoids rather than prochlorperazine (7 trials; 695 participants; RR 3.3; 95% CI 2.2 to 4.8; I(2) = 51%; low quality evidence).In comparisons with metoclopramide, domperidone and chlorpromazine, there was weaker evidence, based on fewer trials and participants, for higher incidence of dizziness with cannabinoids.Two trials with 141 participants compared an anti-emetic drug alone with a cannabinoid added to the anti-emetic drug. There was no evidence of differences between groups; however, the majority of the analyses were based on one small trial with few events. Quality of the evidence The trials were generally at low to moderate risk of bias in terms of how they were designed and do not reflect current chemotherapy and anti-emetic treatment regimens. Furthermore, the quality of evidence arising from meta-analyses was graded as low for the majority of the outcomes analysed, indicating that we are not very confident in our ability to say how well the medications worked. Further research is likely to have an important impact on the results. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis-based medications may be useful for treating refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, methodological limitations of the trials limit our conclusions and further research reflecting current chemotherapy regimens and newer anti-emetic drugs is likely to modify these conclusions.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Smith, Lesley A and Azariah, Fredric and Lavender, Verna TC C and Stoner, Nicola S and Bettiol, Silvana},
 editor = {Smith, Lesley A},
 doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD009464.pub2},
 journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews},
 number = {11}
}

BACKGROUND: Cannabis has a long history of medicinal use. Cannabis-based medications (cannabinoids) are based on its active element, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and have been approved for medical purposes. Cannabinoids may be a useful therapeutic option for people with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting that respond poorly to commonly used anti-emetic agents (anti-sickness drugs). However, unpleasant adverse effects may limit their widespread use. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and tolerability of cannabis-based medications for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in adults with cancer. SEARCH METHODS: We identified studies by searching the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and LILACS from inception to January 2015. We also searched reference lists of reviews and included studies. We did not restrict the search by language of publication. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a cannabis-based medication with either placebo or with a conventional anti-emetic in adults receiving chemotherapy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors independently conducted eligibility and risk of bias assessment, and extracted data. We grouped studies based on control groups for meta-analyses conducted using random effects. We expressed efficacy and tolerability outcomes as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS: We included 23 RCTs. Most were of cross-over design, on adults undergoing a variety of chemotherapeutic regimens ranging from moderate to high emetic potential for a variety of cancers. The majority of the studies were at risk of bias due to either lack of allocation concealment or attrition. Trials were conducted between 1975 and 1991. No trials involved comparison with newer anti-emetic drugs such as ondansetron. Comparison with placebo People had more chance of reporting complete absence of vomiting (3 trials; 168 participants; RR 5.7; 95% CI 2.6 to 12.6; low quality evidence) and complete absence of nausea and vomiting (3 trials; 288 participants; RR 2.9; 95% CI 1.8 to 4.7; moderate quality evidence) when they received cannabinoids compared with placebo. The percentage of variability in effect estimates that was due to heterogeneity rather than chance was not important (I(2) = 0% in both analyses).People had more chance of withdrawing due to an adverse event (2 trials; 276 participants; RR 6.9; 95% CI 1.96 to 24; I(2) = 0%; very low quality evidence) and less chance of withdrawing due to lack of efficacy when they received cannabinoids, compared with placebo (1 trial; 228 participants; RR 0.05; 95% CI 0.0 to 0.89; low quality evidence). In addition, people had more chance of 'feeling high' when they received cannabinoids compared with placebo (3 trials; 137 participants; RR 31; 95% CI 6.4 to 152; I(2) = 0%).People reported a preference for cannabinoids rather than placebo (2 trials; 256 participants; RR 4.8; 95% CI 1.7 to 13; low quality evidence). Comparison with other anti-emetics There was no evidence of a difference between cannabinoids and prochlorperazine in the proportion of participants reporting no nausea (5 trials; 258 participants; RR 1.5; 95% CI 0.67 to 3.2; I(2) = 63%; low quality evidence), no vomiting (4 trials; 209 participants; RR 1.11; 95% CI 0.86 to 1.44; I(2) = 0%; moderate quality evidence), or complete absence of nausea and vomiting (4 trials; 414 participants; RR 2.0; 95% CI 0.74 to 5.4; I(2) = 60%; low quality evidence). Sensitivity analysis where the two parallel group trials were pooled after removal of the five cross-over trials showed no difference (RR 1.1; 95% CI 0.70 to 1.7) with no heterogeneity (I(2) = 0%).People had more chance of withdrawing due to an adverse event (5 trials; 664 participants; RR 3.9; 95% CI 1.3 to 12; I(2) = 17%; low quality evidence), due to lack of efficacy (1 trial; 42 participants; RR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 8.9; very low quality evidence) and for any reason (1 trial; 42 participants; RR 3.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 8.9; low quality evidence) when they received cannabinoids compared with prochlorperazine.People had more chance of reporting dizziness (7 trials; 675 participants; RR 2.4; 95% CI 1.8 to 3.1; I(2) = 12%), dysphoria (3 trials; 192 participants; RR 7.2; 95% CI 1.3 to 39; I(2) = 0%), euphoria (2 trials; 280 participants; RR 18; 95% CI 2.4 to 133; I(2) = 0%), 'feeling high' (4 trials; 389 participants; RR 6.2; 95% CI 3.5 to 11; I(2) = 0%) and sedation (8 trials; 947 participants; RR 1.4; 95% CI 1.2 to 1.8; I(2) = 31%), with significantly more participants reporting the incidence of these adverse events with cannabinoids compared with prochlorperazine.People reported a preference for cannabinoids rather than prochlorperazine (7 trials; 695 participants; RR 3.3; 95% CI 2.2 to 4.8; I(2) = 51%; low quality evidence).In comparisons with metoclopramide, domperidone and chlorpromazine, there was weaker evidence, based on fewer trials and participants, for higher incidence of dizziness with cannabinoids.Two trials with 141 participants compared an anti-emetic drug alone with a cannabinoid added to the anti-emetic drug. There was no evidence of differences between groups; however, the majority of the analyses were based on one small trial with few events. Quality of the evidence The trials were generally at low to moderate risk of bias in terms of how they were designed and do not reflect current chemotherapy and anti-emetic treatment regimens. Furthermore, the quality of evidence arising from meta-analyses was graded as low for the majority of the outcomes analysed, indicating that we are not very confident in our ability to say how well the medications worked. Further research is likely to have an important impact on the results. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Cannabis-based medications may be useful for treating refractory chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, methodological limitations of the trials limit our conclusions and further research reflecting current chemotherapy regimens and newer anti-emetic drugs is likely to modify these conclusions.

@article{
 title = {Restoration of Function with Acupuncture following Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Case Report},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,Traditional Chinese Medicine},
 pages = {52-57},
 volume = {4},
 websites = {http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.7453/gahmj.2014.069},
 month = {11},
 id = {80c0f742-5744-3154-9759-cdb24cfa524f},
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 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
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 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:55.122Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
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 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Wolf2015a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This case report illustrates the improvement of an acupuncturetreated patient who incurred a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) from a snowboarding accident. Over 4 years, the patient progressed from initially not being able to walk, having difficulty with speech, and suffering from poor eyesight to where he has now regained significant motor function, speech, and vision and has returned to snowboarding. A core acupuncture protocol plus specific points added to address the patient’s ongoing concerns was used. This case adds to the medical literature by demonstrating the potential role of acupuncture in TBI treatment.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Wolf, Jacob and Sparks, Linda and Deng, Yong and Langland, Jeffrey},
 doi = {10.7453/gahmj.2014.069},
 journal = {Global Advances in Health and Medicine},
 number = {6}
}

This case report illustrates the improvement of an acupuncturetreated patient who incurred a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) from a snowboarding accident. Over 4 years, the patient progressed from initially not being able to walk, having difficulty with speech, and suffering from poor eyesight to where he has now regained significant motor function, speech, and vision and has returned to snowboarding. A core acupuncture protocol plus specific points added to address the patient’s ongoing concerns was used. This case adds to the medical literature by demonstrating the potential role of acupuncture in TBI treatment.

@article{
 title = {Fascia and the mechanism of acupuncture},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 pages = {168-176},
 volume = {15},
 id = {7e7a4d25-ea72-3cb9-8b1d-cbcad795581e},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.673Z},
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 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
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 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:44.891Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
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 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Finando2011a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {In light of the recent results consistently produced by meta-analyses of clinical acupuncture studies, acupuncturists have been challenged to re-evaluate the principles of acupuncture practice. This paper reconsiders acupuncture, positing that the fascia is the mechanism of action of acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture is defined behaviorally, and recent research findings related to the form and function of the fascia are applied to explain the mechanism of action of acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture is then viewed from a historical perspective, and fundamental principles of acupuncture therapy are reconsidered in terms of the fascia model. A conception of acupuncture emerges that is linked to a renewed understanding of ancient acupuncture principles and is characterized by a return to diagnosis and treatment rooted in skilled palpation. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Finando, Steven and Finando, Donna},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.03.001},
 journal = {Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies},
 number = {2}
}

In light of the recent results consistently produced by meta-analyses of clinical acupuncture studies, acupuncturists have been challenged to re-evaluate the principles of acupuncture practice. This paper reconsiders acupuncture, positing that the fascia is the mechanism of action of acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture is defined behaviorally, and recent research findings related to the form and function of the fascia are applied to explain the mechanism of action of acupuncture therapy. Acupuncture is then viewed from a historical perspective, and fundamental principles of acupuncture therapy are reconsidered in terms of the fascia model. A conception of acupuncture emerges that is linked to a renewed understanding of ancient acupuncture principles and is characterized by a return to diagnosis and treatment rooted in skilled palpation. ?? 2010 Elsevier Ltd.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture in primary care.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 pages = {105-17},
 volume = {37},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20189001,http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2830903},
 month = {3},
 id = {f66117c5-b586-307b-9fb4-c345cf679f6f},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.727Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:52.192Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Mao2010a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Acupuncture, an ancient traditional Chinese medical therapy, is used widely around the world. When practiced by a certified provider, it is safe and patients often find it calming and relaxing. Animal and human studies have found a physiologic basis for acupuncture needling in that it affects the complex central and peripheral neurohormonal network. Although it is unclear whether acupuncture is beneficial over sham/placebo acupuncture, acupuncture care yields clinically relevant short- and long-term benefits for low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, chronic neck pain, and headache. The integration of acupuncture into a primary care setting also appears to be cost-effective. The practice of acupuncture in primary care requires rigorous training, financial discipline, and good communication skills. When done correctly, acupuncture is beneficial for both patients and providers.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Mao, Jun J. and Kapur, Rahul},
 doi = {10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.010},
 journal = {Primary care},
 number = {1}
}

Acupuncture, an ancient traditional Chinese medical therapy, is used widely around the world. When practiced by a certified provider, it is safe and patients often find it calming and relaxing. Animal and human studies have found a physiologic basis for acupuncture needling in that it affects the complex central and peripheral neurohormonal network. Although it is unclear whether acupuncture is beneficial over sham/placebo acupuncture, acupuncture care yields clinically relevant short- and long-term benefits for low back pain, knee osteoarthritis, chronic neck pain, and headache. The integration of acupuncture into a primary care setting also appears to be cost-effective. The practice of acupuncture in primary care requires rigorous training, financial discipline, and good communication skills. When done correctly, acupuncture is beneficial for both patients and providers.

@article{
 title = {P358 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) induces clinical and biochemical improvement with a steroid sparing effect in active inflammatory bowel disease},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 pages = {S153},
 volume = {7},
 websites = {https://www.ecco-ibd.eu/index.php/publications/congress-abstract-s/abstracts-2013/item/p358-tetrahydrocannabinol-thc-induces-clinical-and-biochemical-improvement-with-a-steroid-sparing-effect-in-active-inflammatory-bowel-disease.html,https://academic.oup.},
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 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:01.254Z},
 read = {false},
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 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {T.Naftali1L.Barlev2G.Gabay1Y.Chowers3I.Dotan4A.Stein1M.Bronstein12013},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: The anecdotally observed effects of cannabis on IBD were never investigated in a controlled trial. Aim: To assess the effects of THC on IBD in a randomized placebo controlled trial. Methods: Patients and Methods: Patients aged 18 75 years with a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) >200 or Simple Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (UCAI) >3 who did not respond to steroids (6 CD, 3 UC patients), immunomodulators (18 CD, 3 UC) or TNF antagonists (14 CD) were randomized to receive 2 cigarettes of medical cannabis or placebo daily. Each cigarette contained 0.5 g of cannabis, corresponding to 11.5 mg Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or placebo. Disease activity and laboratory testing were assessed during 8 weeks of treatment and 2 weeks post treatment. All other medical treatment remained unchanged. Results: Ten patients with UC and 22 with CD were recruited. 10 UC and 20 CD patients respectively, completed the study, mean age 40 (+13), 15 males. One patient was lost to follow up and one withdrew consent. The average CDAI before cannabis consumption was 358+99 and 373+94 in the THC and placebo groups, respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, the CDAI dropped to 139+111 in the THC group but remained 306+143 in the placebo group (p < 0.05). Two weeks after cessation of treatment the CDAI in the THC group returned to 333+167. Five patients in the THC group but only one in the placebo group went into complete remission (CDAI <100). Four steroiddependent patients in the THC group stopped steroids during the study. The mean CRP before treatment was 1.3 mg/dl and 2.6 in the study and control groups, respectively, and decreased to 0.9 and 2.1 (p = 0.05) after 8 weeks. In the UC group, average UCAI before cannabis was 11+2 and 11+1.5 in the THC and placebo groups, respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment the index was 4.+3 and 8+3 in the THC and placebo groups, respectively. Two patients in the treatment group but none in the placebo group went into complete remission. Three patients in the treatment group had endoscopy before and after treatment with significant improvement in edoscopic score. Hemoglobin, albumin, kidney and liver function tests remained unchanged. No serious side effects were observed. Conclusions: Tetrahydrocannabinol is safe and has beneficial effects, including steroid sparing, in moderately active inflammatory bowel disease. Further larger studies are needed to assess efficacy, optimal dose and mode of action.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Naftali, T. and Barlev, L. and Gabay, G. and Chowers, Y. and Dotan, I. and Stein, A. and Bronstein, M. and Konikoff, F.M.},
 doi = {10.1016/S1873-9946(13)60379-7},
 journal = {Journal of Crohn's and Colitis},
 keywords = {Cannabis}
}

Background: The anecdotally observed effects of cannabis on IBD were never investigated in a controlled trial. Aim: To assess the effects of THC on IBD in a randomized placebo controlled trial. Methods: Patients and Methods: Patients aged 18 75 years with a Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI) >200 or Simple Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index (UCAI) >3 who did not respond to steroids (6 CD, 3 UC patients), immunomodulators (18 CD, 3 UC) or TNF antagonists (14 CD) were randomized to receive 2 cigarettes of medical cannabis or placebo daily. Each cigarette contained 0.5 g of cannabis, corresponding to 11.5 mg Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) or placebo. Disease activity and laboratory testing were assessed during 8 weeks of treatment and 2 weeks post treatment. All other medical treatment remained unchanged. Results: Ten patients with UC and 22 with CD were recruited. 10 UC and 20 CD patients respectively, completed the study, mean age 40 (+13), 15 males. One patient was lost to follow up and one withdrew consent. The average CDAI before cannabis consumption was 358+99 and 373+94 in the THC and placebo groups, respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment, the CDAI dropped to 139+111 in the THC group but remained 306+143 in the placebo group (p < 0.05). Two weeks after cessation of treatment the CDAI in the THC group returned to 333+167. Five patients in the THC group but only one in the placebo group went into complete remission (CDAI <100). Four steroiddependent patients in the THC group stopped steroids during the study. The mean CRP before treatment was 1.3 mg/dl and 2.6 in the study and control groups, respectively, and decreased to 0.9 and 2.1 (p = 0.05) after 8 weeks. In the UC group, average UCAI before cannabis was 11+2 and 11+1.5 in the THC and placebo groups, respectively. After 8 weeks of treatment the index was 4.+3 and 8+3 in the THC and placebo groups, respectively. Two patients in the treatment group but none in the placebo group went into complete remission. Three patients in the treatment group had endoscopy before and after treatment with significant improvement in edoscopic score. Hemoglobin, albumin, kidney and liver function tests remained unchanged. No serious side effects were observed. Conclusions: Tetrahydrocannabinol is safe and has beneficial effects, including steroid sparing, in moderately active inflammatory bowel disease. Further larger studies are needed to assess efficacy, optimal dose and mode of action.

@article{
 title = {Cannabis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Hypothetical and Practical Applications, and a Call for Clinical Trials},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 pages = {347–356},
 volume = {27},
 websites = {http://ajh.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/1049909110369531},
 month = {8},
 publisher = {SAGE PublicationsSage CA: Los Angeles, CA},
 day = {1},
 id = {2150b588-d32f-37a1-af19-ad0febacba42},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.781Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:55:42.044Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Carter2010},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Significant advances have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet this has not translated into any greatly effective therapies. It appears that a number of abnormal physiological processes occur simultaneously in this devastating disease. Ideally, a multidrug regimen, including glutamate antagonists, antioxidants, a centrally acting anti-inflammatory agent, microglial cell modulators (including tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] inhibitors), an antiapoptotic agent, 1 or more neurotrophic growth factors, and a mitochondrial function-enhancing agent would be required to comprehensively address the known pathophysiology of ALS. Remarkably, cannabis appears to have activity in all of those areas. Preclinical data indicate that cannabis has powerful antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. In the G93A-SOD1 ALS mouse, this has translated to prolonged neuronal cell survival, delayed onset, and slower progression of the disease. Ca...},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Carter, G. T. and Abood, M. E. and Aggarwal, S. K. and Weiss, M. D.},
 doi = {10.1177/1049909110369531},
 journal = {American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine},
 number = {5}
}

Significant advances have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet this has not translated into any greatly effective therapies. It appears that a number of abnormal physiological processes occur simultaneously in this devastating disease. Ideally, a multidrug regimen, including glutamate antagonists, antioxidants, a centrally acting anti-inflammatory agent, microglial cell modulators (including tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α] inhibitors), an antiapoptotic agent, 1 or more neurotrophic growth factors, and a mitochondrial function-enhancing agent would be required to comprehensively address the known pathophysiology of ALS. Remarkably, cannabis appears to have activity in all of those areas. Preclinical data indicate that cannabis has powerful antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. In the G93A-SOD1 ALS mouse, this has translated to prolonged neuronal cell survival, delayed onset, and slower progression of the disease. Ca...

@book{
 title = {Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis},
 type = {book},
 year = {2015},
 source = {JAMA - Journal of the American Medical Association},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 pages = {2456–2473},
 volume = {313},
 issue = {24},
 websites = {http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.2015.6358},
 month = {6},
 publisher = {American Medical Association},
 day = {23},
 id = {afdffc80-9100-3112-823f-5ae4ad2533ae},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.791Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:55:41.990Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Whiting2015},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {IMPORTANCE: Cannabis and cannabinoid drugs are widely used to treat disease or alleviate symptoms, but their efficacy for specific indications is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the benefits and adverse events (AEs) of cannabinoids. DATA SOURCES: Twenty-eight databases from inception to April 2015. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials of cannabinoids for the following indications: nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, appetite stimulation in HIV/AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity due to multiple sclerosis or paraplegia, depression, anxiety disorder, sleep disorder, psychosis, glaucoma, or Tourette syndrome. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. All review stages were conducted independently by 2 reviewers. Where possible, data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Patient-relevant/disease-specific outcomes, activities of daily living, quality of life, global impression of change, and AEs. RESULTS: A total of 79 trials (6462 participants) were included; 4 were judged at low risk of bias. Most trials showed improvement in symptoms associated with cannabinoids but these associations did not reach statistical significance in all trials. Compared with placebo, cannabinoids were associated with a greater average number of patients showing a complete nausea and vomiting response (47% vs 20%; odds ratio [OR], 3.82 [95% CI, 1.55-9.42]; 3 trials), reduction in pain (37% vs 31%; OR, 1.41 [95% CI, 0.99-2.00]; 8 trials), a greater average reduction in numerical rating scale pain assessment (on a 0-10-point scale; weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.46 [95% CI, -0.80 to -0.11]; 6 trials), and average reduction in the Ashworth spasticity scale (WMD, -0.36 [95% CI, -0.69 to -0.05]; 7 trials). There was an increased risk of short-term AEs with cannabinoids, including serious AEs. Common AEs included dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, fatigue, somnolence, euphoria, vomiting, disorientation, drowsiness, confusion, loss of balance, and hallucination. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: There was moderate-quality evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain and spasticity. There was low-quality evidence suggesting that cannabinoids were associated with improvements in nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, weight gain in HIV infection, sleep disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Cannabinoids were associated with an increased risk of short-term AEs.},
 bibtype = {book},
 author = {Whiting, Penny F. and Wolff, Robert F. and Deshpande, Sohan and Di Nisio, Marcello and Duffy, Steven and Hernandez, Adrian V. and Keurentjes, J. Christiaan and Lang, Shona and Misso, Kate and Ryder, Steve and Schmidlkofer, Simone and Westwood, Marie and Kleijnen, Jos},
 doi = {10.1001/jama.2015.6358}
}

IMPORTANCE: Cannabis and cannabinoid drugs are widely used to treat disease or alleviate symptoms, but their efficacy for specific indications is not clear. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the benefits and adverse events (AEs) of cannabinoids. DATA SOURCES: Twenty-eight databases from inception to April 2015. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized clinical trials of cannabinoids for the following indications: nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, appetite stimulation in HIV/AIDS, chronic pain, spasticity due to multiple sclerosis or paraplegia, depression, anxiety disorder, sleep disorder, psychosis, glaucoma, or Tourette syndrome. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. All review stages were conducted independently by 2 reviewers. Where possible, data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Patient-relevant/disease-specific outcomes, activities of daily living, quality of life, global impression of change, and AEs. RESULTS: A total of 79 trials (6462 participants) were included; 4 were judged at low risk of bias. Most trials showed improvement in symptoms associated with cannabinoids but these associations did not reach statistical significance in all trials. Compared with placebo, cannabinoids were associated with a greater average number of patients showing a complete nausea and vomiting response (47% vs 20%; odds ratio [OR], 3.82 [95% CI, 1.55-9.42]; 3 trials), reduction in pain (37% vs 31%; OR, 1.41 [95% CI, 0.99-2.00]; 8 trials), a greater average reduction in numerical rating scale pain assessment (on a 0-10-point scale; weighted mean difference [WMD], -0.46 [95% CI, -0.80 to -0.11]; 6 trials), and average reduction in the Ashworth spasticity scale (WMD, -0.36 [95% CI, -0.69 to -0.05]; 7 trials). There was an increased risk of short-term AEs with cannabinoids, including serious AEs. Common AEs included dizziness, dry mouth, nausea, fatigue, somnolence, euphoria, vomiting, disorientation, drowsiness, confusion, loss of balance, and hallucination. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: There was moderate-quality evidence to support the use of cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pain and spasticity. There was low-quality evidence suggesting that cannabinoids were associated with improvements in nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy, weight gain in HIV infection, sleep disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Cannabinoids were associated with an increased risk of short-term AEs.

@article{
 title = {Analgesic Effect of Auricular Acupuncture for Cancer Pain: A Randomized, Blinded, Controlled Trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2003},
 pages = {4120–4126},
 volume = {21},
 websites = {http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2003.09.011 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615440,http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2003.09.011,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14615440},
 month = {11},
 day = {15},
 id = {f1a7f989-8cad-3c7f-80ec-3698a7e09bda},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.839Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-20},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:46.950Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Alimi2003a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Purpose: During the last 30 years, auricular acupuncture has been used as complementary treatment of cancer pain when analgesic drugs do not suffice. The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of auricular acupuncture in decreasing pain intensity in cancer patients. Patients and Methods: Ninety patients were randomly divided in three groups; one group received two courses of auricular acupuncture at points where an electrodermal signal had been detected, and two placebo groups received auricular acupuncture at points with no electrodermal signal (placebo points) and one with auricular seeds fixed at placebo points. Patients had to be in pain, attaining a visual analog score (VAS) of 30 mm or more after having received analgesic treatment adapted to both intensity and type of pain, for at least 1 month of therapy. Treatment efficacy was based on the absolute decrease in pain intensity measured 2 months after randomization using the VAS. Results: The main outcome was pain assessed at 2 months, with the assessment at 1 month carried over to 2 months for the eight patients who interrupted treatment after 1 month. For three patients, no data were available because they withdrew from the study during the first month. Pain intensity decreased by 36% at 2 months from baseline in the group receiving acupuncture; there was little change for patients receiving placebo (2%). The difference between groups was statistically significant (P \textless .0001). Conclusion: The observed reduction in pain intensity measured on the VAS represents a clear benefit from auricular acupuncture for these cancer patients who are in pain, despite stable analgesic treatment.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Alimi, David and Rubino, Carole and Pichard-Léandri, Evelyne and Fermand-Brulé, Sabine and Dubreuil-Lemaire, Marie-Laure and Hill, Catherine},
 doi = {10.1200/JCO.2003.09.011},
 journal = {Journal of Clinical Oncology},
 number = {22},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,integrative oncology}
}

Purpose: During the last 30 years, auricular acupuncture has been used as complementary treatment of cancer pain when analgesic drugs do not suffice. The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of auricular acupuncture in decreasing pain intensity in cancer patients. Patients and Methods: Ninety patients were randomly divided in three groups; one group received two courses of auricular acupuncture at points where an electrodermal signal had been detected, and two placebo groups received auricular acupuncture at points with no electrodermal signal (placebo points) and one with auricular seeds fixed at placebo points. Patients had to be in pain, attaining a visual analog score (VAS) of 30 mm or more after having received analgesic treatment adapted to both intensity and type of pain, for at least 1 month of therapy. Treatment efficacy was based on the absolute decrease in pain intensity measured 2 months after randomization using the VAS. Results: The main outcome was pain assessed at 2 months, with the assessment at 1 month carried over to 2 months for the eight patients who interrupted treatment after 1 month. For three patients, no data were available because they withdrew from the study during the first month. Pain intensity decreased by 36% at 2 months from baseline in the group receiving acupuncture; there was little change for patients receiving placebo (2%). The difference between groups was statistically significant (P \textless .0001). Conclusion: The observed reduction in pain intensity measured on the VAS represents a clear benefit from auricular acupuncture for these cancer patients who are in pain, despite stable analgesic treatment.

@article{
 title = {Randomized, controlled trial of acupuncture for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,integrative oncology},
 pages = {5584–90},
 volume = {25},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065731 http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.0774 http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/25/35/5584.abstract,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18065731,http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2007.12.0774,http://jco.ascopu},
 month = {12},
 day = {10},
 id = {d7f2ecb2-7cc7-3a8c-ad98-663c8e469425},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.862Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-19},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:56.177Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Deng2007a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {PURPOSE: To determine the immediate and long-term effects of true acupuncture versus sham acupuncture on hot flash frequency in women with breast cancer.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nPATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-two women with breast cancer experiencing three or more hot flashes per day were randomly assigned to receive either true or sham acupuncture. Interventions were given twice weekly for 4 consecutive weeks. Hot flash frequency was evaluated at baseline, at 6 weeks, and at 6 months after initiation of treatment. Patients initially randomly assigned to the sham group were crossed over to true acupuncture starting at week 7.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: The mean number of hot flashes per day was reduced from 8.7 (standard deviation [SD], 3.9) to 6.2 (SD, 4.2) in the true acupuncture group and from 10.0 (SD, 6.1) to 7.6 (SD, 5.7) in the sham group. True acupuncture was associated with 0.8 fewer hot flashes per day than sham at 6 weeks, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (95% CI, -0.7 to 2.4; P = .3). When participants in the sham acupuncture group were crossed over to true acupuncture, a further reduction in the frequency of hot flashes was seen. This reduction in hot flash frequency persisted for up to 6 months after the completion of treatment.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSION: Hot flash frequency in breast cancer patients was reduced following acupuncture. However, when compared with sham acupuncture, the reduction by the acupuncture regimen as provided in the current study did not reach statistical significance. We cannot exclude the possibility that a longer and more intense acupuncture intervention could produce a larger reduction of these symptoms.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Deng, Gary and Vickers, Andrew and Yeung, Simon and D'Andrea, Gabriella M. and Xiao, Han and Heerdt, Alexandra S. and Sugarman, Steven and Troso-Sandoval, Tiffany and Seidman, Andrew D. and Hudis, Clifford A. and Cassileth, Barrie},
 doi = {10.1200/JCO.2007.12.0774},
 journal = {Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology},
 number = {35}
}

PURPOSE: To determine the immediate and long-term effects of true acupuncture versus sham acupuncture on hot flash frequency in women with breast cancer.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nPATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-two women with breast cancer experiencing three or more hot flashes per day were randomly assigned to receive either true or sham acupuncture. Interventions were given twice weekly for 4 consecutive weeks. Hot flash frequency was evaluated at baseline, at 6 weeks, and at 6 months after initiation of treatment. Patients initially randomly assigned to the sham group were crossed over to true acupuncture starting at week 7.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: The mean number of hot flashes per day was reduced from 8.7 (standard deviation [SD], 3.9) to 6.2 (SD, 4.2) in the true acupuncture group and from 10.0 (SD, 6.1) to 7.6 (SD, 5.7) in the sham group. True acupuncture was associated with 0.8 fewer hot flashes per day than sham at 6 weeks, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (95% CI, -0.7 to 2.4; P = .3). When participants in the sham acupuncture group were crossed over to true acupuncture, a further reduction in the frequency of hot flashes was seen. This reduction in hot flash frequency persisted for up to 6 months after the completion of treatment.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSION: Hot flash frequency in breast cancer patients was reduced following acupuncture. However, when compared with sham acupuncture, the reduction by the acupuncture regimen as provided in the current study did not reach statistical significance. We cannot exclude the possibility that a longer and more intense acupuncture intervention could produce a larger reduction of these symptoms.

@misc{
 title = {Acupuncture treatment for pain: systematic review of randomised clinical trials with acupuncture, placebo acupuncture, and no acupuncture groups},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2009},
 source = {BMJ},
 pages = {a3115-a3115},
 volume = {338},
 issue = {jan27 2},
 id = {71ac70c8-6716-3a16-8eda-8cc9ef9ab8ca},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.910Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:50.080Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Madsen2009a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVES: To study the analgesic effect of acupuncture and placebo acupuncture and to explore whether the type of the placebo acupuncture is associated with the estimated effect of acupuncture. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of three armed randomised clinical trials. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, Biological Abstracts, and PsycLIT. Data extraction and analysis Standardised mean differences from each trial were used to estimate the effect of acupuncture and placebo acupuncture. The different types of placebo acupuncture were ranked from 1 to 5 according to assessment of the possibility of a physiological effect, and this ranking was meta-regressed with the effect of acupuncture. DATA SYNTHESIS: Thirteen trials (3025 patients) involving a variety of pain conditions were eligible. The allocation of patients was adequately concealed in eight trials. The clinicians managing the acupuncture and placebo acupuncture treatments were not blinded in any of the trials. One clearly outlying trial (70 patients) was excluded. A small difference was found between acupuncture and placebo acupuncture: standardised mean difference -0.17 (95% confidence interval -0.26 to -0.08), corresponding to 4 mm (2 mm to 6 mm) on a 100 mm visual analogue scale. No statistically significant heterogeneity was present (P=0.10, I(2)=36%). A moderate difference was found between placebo acupuncture and no acupuncture: standardised mean difference -0.42 (-0.60 to -0.23). However, considerable heterogeneity (P<0.001, I(2)=66%) was also found, as large trials reported both small and large effects of placebo. No association was detected between the type of placebo acupuncture and the effect of acupuncture (P=0.60). CONCLUSIONS: A small analgesic effect of acupuncture was found, which seems to lack clinical relevance and cannot be clearly distinguished from bias. Whether needling at acupuncture points, or at any site, reduces pain independently of the psychological impact of the treatment ritual is unclear.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Madsen, M. V. and Gotzsche, P. C and Hrobjartsson, A.},
 doi = {10.1136/bmj.a3115},
 keywords = {Acupuncture}
}

OBJECTIVES: To study the analgesic effect of acupuncture and placebo acupuncture and to explore whether the type of the placebo acupuncture is associated with the estimated effect of acupuncture. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis of three armed randomised clinical trials. DATA SOURCES: Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, Biological Abstracts, and PsycLIT. Data extraction and analysis Standardised mean differences from each trial were used to estimate the effect of acupuncture and placebo acupuncture. The different types of placebo acupuncture were ranked from 1 to 5 according to assessment of the possibility of a physiological effect, and this ranking was meta-regressed with the effect of acupuncture. DATA SYNTHESIS: Thirteen trials (3025 patients) involving a variety of pain conditions were eligible. The allocation of patients was adequately concealed in eight trials. The clinicians managing the acupuncture and placebo acupuncture treatments were not blinded in any of the trials. One clearly outlying trial (70 patients) was excluded. A small difference was found between acupuncture and placebo acupuncture: standardised mean difference -0.17 (95% confidence interval -0.26 to -0.08), corresponding to 4 mm (2 mm to 6 mm) on a 100 mm visual analogue scale. No statistically significant heterogeneity was present (P=0.10, I(2)=36%). A moderate difference was found between placebo acupuncture and no acupuncture: standardised mean difference -0.42 (-0.60 to -0.23). However, considerable heterogeneity (P<0.001, I(2)=66%) was also found, as large trials reported both small and large effects of placebo. No association was detected between the type of placebo acupuncture and the effect of acupuncture (P=0.60). CONCLUSIONS: A small analgesic effect of acupuncture was found, which seems to lack clinical relevance and cannot be clearly distinguished from bias. Whether needling at acupuncture points, or at any site, reduces pain independently of the psychological impact of the treatment ritual is unclear.

@article{
 title = {Reducing vasomotor symptoms with acupuncture in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen: a randomized controlled trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 pages = {791–798},
 volume = {135},
 websites = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10549-010-1283-3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21153699,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10549-010-1283-3,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21153699},
 month = {10},
 publisher = {Springer US},
 day = {14},
 id = {fb2277cc-bdac-3a74-9fae-821e09e5fb0a},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:31.965Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-20},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:56.889Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Liljegren2012a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {To evaluate true acupuncture to control acupuncture (CTRL) (non-insertive stimulation at non-acupuncture points) in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen suffering from hot flushes and sweatings. Eighty-four patients were randomized to receive either true acupuncture or CTRL twice a week for 5 weeks. Seventy-four patients were treated according to the protocol. In the true acupuncture group 42% (16/38) reported improvements in hot flushes after 6 weeks compared to 47% (17/36) in the CTRL group (95% CI, -28 to 18%). Both groups reported improvement regarding severity and frequencies in hot flushes and sweatings but no statistical difference was found between the groups. In a subanalysis regarding the severity of sweatings at night a statistically significant difference P = 0.03 was found in the true acupuncture group. Former experience of true acupuncture did not influence the perception of true acupuncture or CTRL. No significant differences in hormonal levels were found before and after treatment. In conclusion, convincing data that true acupuncture is more effective than CTRL in reducing vasomotor symptoms is still lacking. Our study shows that both true and CTRL reduce vasomotor symptoms in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Liljegren, Annelie and Gunnarsson, Pia and Landgren, Britt-Marie and Robéus, Ninna and Johansson, Hemming and Rotstein, Samuel},
 doi = {10.1007/s10549-010-1283-3},
 journal = {Breast Cancer Research and Treatment},
 number = {3}
}

To evaluate true acupuncture to control acupuncture (CTRL) (non-insertive stimulation at non-acupuncture points) in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen suffering from hot flushes and sweatings. Eighty-four patients were randomized to receive either true acupuncture or CTRL twice a week for 5 weeks. Seventy-four patients were treated according to the protocol. In the true acupuncture group 42% (16/38) reported improvements in hot flushes after 6 weeks compared to 47% (17/36) in the CTRL group (95% CI, -28 to 18%). Both groups reported improvement regarding severity and frequencies in hot flushes and sweatings but no statistical difference was found between the groups. In a subanalysis regarding the severity of sweatings at night a statistically significant difference P = 0.03 was found in the true acupuncture group. Former experience of true acupuncture did not influence the perception of true acupuncture or CTRL. No significant differences in hormonal levels were found before and after treatment. In conclusion, convincing data that true acupuncture is more effective than CTRL in reducing vasomotor symptoms is still lacking. Our study shows that both true and CTRL reduce vasomotor symptoms in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen.

@article{
 title = {Chinese herbal formulas for treating hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine: perspective of modern science},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {Traditional Chinese Medicine},
 pages = {570–579},
 volume = {36},
 websites = {http://www.nature.com/articles/hr201318},
 month = {7},
 publisher = {Nature Publishing Group},
 day = {4},
 id = {111bcccd-d47d-3075-bef1-581c62307701},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.007Z},
 accessed = {2019-04-10},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:48.688Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Xiong2013a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Chinese herbal formulas for treating hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine: perspective of modern science},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Xiong, Xingjiang and Yang, Xiaochen and Liu, Yongmei and Zhang, Yun and Wang, Pengqian and Wang, Jie},
 doi = {10.1038/hr.2013.18},
 journal = {Hypertension Research},
 number = {7}
}

Chinese herbal formulas for treating hypertension in traditional Chinese medicine: perspective of modern science

@misc{
 title = {ACUPUNCTURE: REVIEW AND ANALYSIS OF REPORTS ON CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIALS},
 type = {misc},
 websites = {http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4926e/s4926e.pdf},
 id = {d3e0be4a-c917-326d-95d0-4a69ab9f34f5},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.049Z},
 accessed = {2015-11-24},
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 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
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 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:51.459Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 notes = {WHO report},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {},
 keywords = {Acupuncture}
}

@inproceedings{
 title = {Therapeutic Uses of the Cannabinoids and other Cannabis Compounds},
 type = {inproceedings},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {147–176},
 id = {d41ad6a1-51dd-31c0-ac49-e8bf40f3d2be},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.155Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.155Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Dr.KennethProefrockNMD2015a},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {inproceedings},
 author = {Dr. Kenneth Proefrock NMD, undefined},
 booktitle = {SOUTHWEST CONFERENCE on BOTANICAL MEDICINE Lecture Notes},
 keywords = {Cannabis}
}

@book{
 title = {Implementation of Acupuncture Therapy in the Care of Patients with Breast Cancer},
 type = {book},
 year = {2017},
 source = {Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies},
 pages = {155–156},
 volume = {10},
 issue = {3},
 websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2005290117300080 http://ac.els-cdn.com/S2005290117300080/1-s2.0-S2005290117300080-main.pdf?_tid=905818e8-6d74-11e7-8ec5-00000aab0f02&acdnat=1500573490_3c62ead598b72bdc71548c875f17de84,http://linkinghub.elsevier},
 month = {6},
 id = {9b1bc8f2-c06b-36c9-a3c5-0b960bca96ab},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.159Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-19},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:57.244Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Arif2017a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {book},
 author = {Arif, Fizzah and Haroon, Syeda Fizzah and Balagamwala, Marium Aon},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jams.2017.02.001},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,integrative oncology}
}

@misc{
 title = {Acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2009},
 source = {Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 issue = {1},
 id = {1f15c442-4f99-3e6e-80b6-4e545123eea7},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.191Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:46.308Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Linde2009b},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Acupuncture is often used for migraine prophylaxis but its effectiveness is still controversial. This review (along with a companion review on 'Acupuncture for tension-type headache') represents an updated version of a Cochrane review originally published in Issue 1, 2001, of The Cochrane Library.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Linde, Klaus and Allais, Gianni and Brinkhaus, Benno and Manheimer, Eric and Vickers, Andrew and White, Adrian R.},
 doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD001218.pub2}
}

Acupuncture is often used for migraine prophylaxis but its effectiveness is still controversial. This review (along with a companion review on 'Acupuncture for tension-type headache') represents an updated version of a Cochrane review originally published in Issue 1, 2001, of The Cochrane Library.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 pages = {CD001977},
 volume = {45},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20091527,http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3169099,https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/rheumatology/kel207},
 month = {1},
 day = {20},
 id = {d3b62c96-c6f7-31f7-93d6-6a9f7ffd7614},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.222Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:45.972Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kaptchuk2002a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND Peripheral joint osteoarthritis is a major cause of pain and functional limitation. Few treatments are safe and effective. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of acupuncture for treating peripheral joint osteoarthritis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 1), MEDLINE, and EMBASE (both through December 2007), and scanned reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing needle acupuncture with a sham, another active treatment, or a waiting list control group in people with osteoarthritis of the knee, hip, or hand. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information. We calculated standardized mean differences using the differences in improvements between groups. MAIN RESULTS Sixteen trials involving 3498 people were included. Twelve of the RCTs included only people with OA of the knee, 3 only OA of the hip, and 1 a mix of people with OA of the hip and/or knee. In comparison with a sham control, acupuncture showed statistically significant, short-term improvements in osteoarthritis pain (standardized mean difference -0.28, 95% confidence interval -0.45 to -0.11; 0.9 point greater improvement than sham on 20 point scale; absolute percent change 4.59%; relative percent change 10.32%; 9 trials; 1835 participants) and function (-0.28, -0.46 to -0.09; 2.7 point greater improvement on 68 point scale; absolute percent change 3.97%; relative percent change 8.63%); however, these pooled short-term benefits did not meet our predefined thresholds for clinical relevance (i.e. 1.3 points for pain; 3.57 points for function) and there was substantial statistical heterogeneity. Additionally, restriction to sham-controlled trials using shams judged most likely to adequately blind participants to treatment assignment (which were also the same shams judged most likely to have physiological activity), reduced heterogeneity and resulted in pooled short-term benefits of acupuncture that were smaller and non-significant. In comparison with sham acupuncture at the six-month follow-up, acupuncture showed borderline statistically significant, clinically irrelevant improvements in osteoarthritis pain (-0.10, -0.21 to 0.01; 0.4 point greater improvement than sham on 20 point scale; absolute percent change 1.81%; relative percent change 4.06%; 4 trials;1399 participants) and function (-0.11, -0.22 to 0.00; 1.2 point greater improvement than sham on 68 point scale; absolute percent change 1.79%; relative percent change 3.89%). In a secondary analysis versus a waiting list control, acupuncture was associated with statistically significant, clinically relevant short-term improvements in osteoarthritis pain (-0.96, -1.19 to -0.72; 14.5 point greater improvement than sham on 100 point scale; absolute percent change 14.5%; relative percent change 29.14%; 4 trials; 884 participants) and function (-0.89, -1.18 to -0.60; 13.0 point greater improvement than sham on 100 point scale; absolute percent change 13.0%; relative percent change 25.21%). In the head-on comparisons of acupuncture with the 'supervised osteoarthritis education' and the 'physician consultation' control groups, acupuncture was associated with clinically relevant short- and long-term improvements in pain and function. In the head on comparisons of acupuncture with 'home exercises/advice leaflet' and 'supervised exercise', acupuncture was associated with similar treatment effects as the controls. Acupuncture as an adjuvant to an exercise based physiotherapy program did not result in any greater improvements than the exercise program alone. Information on safety was reported in only 8 trials and even in these trials there was limited reporting and heterogeneous methods. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Sham-controlled trials show statistically significant benefits; however, these benefits are small, do not meet our pre-defined thresholds for clinical relevance, and are probably due at least partially to placebo effects from incomplete blinding. Waiting list-controlled trials of acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis suggest statistically significant and clinically relevant benefits, much of which may be due to expectation or placebo effects.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Manheimer, Eric and Cheng, Ke and Linde, Klaus and Lao, Lixing and Yoo, Junghee and Wieland, Susan and van der Windt, Daniëlle Awm and Berman, Brian M and Bouter, Lex M},
 doi = {10.1002/14651858.CD001977.pub2},
 journal = {The Cochrane database of systematic reviews},
 number = {1}
}

BACKGROUND Peripheral joint osteoarthritis is a major cause of pain and functional limitation. Few treatments are safe and effective. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of acupuncture for treating peripheral joint osteoarthritis. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 1), MEDLINE, and EMBASE (both through December 2007), and scanned reference lists of articles. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing needle acupuncture with a sham, another active treatment, or a waiting list control group in people with osteoarthritis of the knee, hip, or hand. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial quality and extracted data. We contacted study authors for additional information. We calculated standardized mean differences using the differences in improvements between groups. MAIN RESULTS Sixteen trials involving 3498 people were included. Twelve of the RCTs included only people with OA of the knee, 3 only OA of the hip, and 1 a mix of people with OA of the hip and/or knee. In comparison with a sham control, acupuncture showed statistically significant, short-term improvements in osteoarthritis pain (standardized mean difference -0.28, 95% confidence interval -0.45 to -0.11; 0.9 point greater improvement than sham on 20 point scale; absolute percent change 4.59%; relative percent change 10.32%; 9 trials; 1835 participants) and function (-0.28, -0.46 to -0.09; 2.7 point greater improvement on 68 point scale; absolute percent change 3.97%; relative percent change 8.63%); however, these pooled short-term benefits did not meet our predefined thresholds for clinical relevance (i.e. 1.3 points for pain; 3.57 points for function) and there was substantial statistical heterogeneity. Additionally, restriction to sham-controlled trials using shams judged most likely to adequately blind participants to treatment assignment (which were also the same shams judged most likely to have physiological activity), reduced heterogeneity and resulted in pooled short-term benefits of acupuncture that were smaller and non-significant. In comparison with sham acupuncture at the six-month follow-up, acupuncture showed borderline statistically significant, clinically irrelevant improvements in osteoarthritis pain (-0.10, -0.21 to 0.01; 0.4 point greater improvement than sham on 20 point scale; absolute percent change 1.81%; relative percent change 4.06%; 4 trials;1399 participants) and function (-0.11, -0.22 to 0.00; 1.2 point greater improvement than sham on 68 point scale; absolute percent change 1.79%; relative percent change 3.89%). In a secondary analysis versus a waiting list control, acupuncture was associated with statistically significant, clinically relevant short-term improvements in osteoarthritis pain (-0.96, -1.19 to -0.72; 14.5 point greater improvement than sham on 100 point scale; absolute percent change 14.5%; relative percent change 29.14%; 4 trials; 884 participants) and function (-0.89, -1.18 to -0.60; 13.0 point greater improvement than sham on 100 point scale; absolute percent change 13.0%; relative percent change 25.21%). In the head-on comparisons of acupuncture with the 'supervised osteoarthritis education' and the 'physician consultation' control groups, acupuncture was associated with clinically relevant short- and long-term improvements in pain and function. In the head on comparisons of acupuncture with 'home exercises/advice leaflet' and 'supervised exercise', acupuncture was associated with similar treatment effects as the controls. Acupuncture as an adjuvant to an exercise based physiotherapy program did not result in any greater improvements than the exercise program alone. Information on safety was reported in only 8 trials and even in these trials there was limited reporting and heterogeneous methods. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Sham-controlled trials show statistically significant benefits; however, these benefits are small, do not meet our pre-defined thresholds for clinical relevance, and are probably due at least partially to placebo effects from incomplete blinding. Waiting list-controlled trials of acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis suggest statistically significant and clinically relevant benefits, much of which may be due to expectation or placebo effects.

@article{
 title = {Integrating acupuncture into cancer care.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,integrative oncology},
 pages = {234–9},
 volume = {3},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24716183 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3925001,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24716183,http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3925001},
 month = {10},
 id = {08cb6131-23d0-3c08-9987-bc17f83b6d09},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.274Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-19},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.804Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Chien2013a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Oncology acupuncture has become a new and promising field of research because more and more cancer patients have sought non-pharmacological alternatives for symptom management. While different mechanisms have been proposed to explain its efficacy, including theories of the neural system, endocrine cytokine or immunological regulation, its eventual role has become that of alleviating the side effects induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In this paper, we have reviewed the related articles focusing on acupuncture mechanisms and applications in cancer care to provide a quick sketch of acupuncture in cancer care. A detailed search was performed to identify the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews on acupuncture in oncology, using PUBMED and Cochrane. The search terms included: Acupuncture, acupressure, and cancer. Additional terms were used to target specific symptoms (i.e., breast cancer, hot flash, xerostomia, nausea, vomiting, cancer pain, insomnia, fatigue). Two authors independently extracted data for analysis and review. Ultimately, 25 articles underwent full-text review. Recent trials made efforts in studying (a) hot flashes in breast cancer, (b) xerostomia induced by radiotherapy in head and neck cancer, (c) nausea and vomiting post-chemotherapy, (d) cancer pain, and (e) fatigue and insomnia in cancer patients. Controversial results for acupuncture application in cancer care appeared in different categories, but a trend emerged that acupuncture can palliate cancer-related symptoms. The research to date certainly offers us a valid complementary therapy in treating cancer-related symptoms. Meanwhile, practical strategies with safe measures for enhancing the efficacy are needed in further interventions, as well as continuing research with a validated methodology.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Chien, Tsai-Ju and Liu, Chia-Yu and Hsu, Chung-Hua},
 doi = {10.4103/2225-4110.119733},
 journal = {Journal of traditional and complementary medicine},
 number = {4}
}

Oncology acupuncture has become a new and promising field of research because more and more cancer patients have sought non-pharmacological alternatives for symptom management. While different mechanisms have been proposed to explain its efficacy, including theories of the neural system, endocrine cytokine or immunological regulation, its eventual role has become that of alleviating the side effects induced by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. In this paper, we have reviewed the related articles focusing on acupuncture mechanisms and applications in cancer care to provide a quick sketch of acupuncture in cancer care. A detailed search was performed to identify the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews on acupuncture in oncology, using PUBMED and Cochrane. The search terms included: Acupuncture, acupressure, and cancer. Additional terms were used to target specific symptoms (i.e., breast cancer, hot flash, xerostomia, nausea, vomiting, cancer pain, insomnia, fatigue). Two authors independently extracted data for analysis and review. Ultimately, 25 articles underwent full-text review. Recent trials made efforts in studying (a) hot flashes in breast cancer, (b) xerostomia induced by radiotherapy in head and neck cancer, (c) nausea and vomiting post-chemotherapy, (d) cancer pain, and (e) fatigue and insomnia in cancer patients. Controversial results for acupuncture application in cancer care appeared in different categories, but a trend emerged that acupuncture can palliate cancer-related symptoms. The research to date certainly offers us a valid complementary therapy in treating cancer-related symptoms. Meanwhile, practical strategies with safe measures for enhancing the efficacy are needed in further interventions, as well as continuing research with a validated methodology.

@article{
 title = {Treatment Of Medically Refractory Chronic Daily Vomiting With Acupuncture And Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Case Report},
 type = {article},
 year = {2016},
 pages = {31-36},
 websites = {https://www.jcm.co.uk/treatment-of-medically-refractory-chronic-daily-vomiting-with-acupuncture-and-chinese-herbal-medicine-a-case-report.html},
 id = {80b87f52-a0b0-365d-b4c7-170c9d30bfd0},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.321Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:46.634Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Wolf2016a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This case demonstrates the use of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine to resolve chronic idiopathic daily vomiting, which was refractory to standard medical treatment. The patient presented with severe chronic daily vomiting (10 to 20 times a day), with no attributable cause discovered from a complete laboratory workup and extensive imaging. Prior to seeking alternative therapies, the patient had been managed with conventional medication, however symptom resolution was not achieved. Over a period of 15 weekly acupuncture sessions and concurrent treatment with Chinese herbal medication, the number of vomiting episodes was reduced to fewer than two every other day, with complete resolution by week 15. This report adds to the medical literature by expanding the potential treatment options for those with chronic daily nausea and vomiting not related to pregnancy or chemotherapy.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Wolf, Jacob and Deng, Yong and Langland, Jeffrey},
 journal = {Journal of Chinese Medicine},
 number = {111},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,Traditional Chinese Medicine}
}

This case demonstrates the use of acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine to resolve chronic idiopathic daily vomiting, which was refractory to standard medical treatment. The patient presented with severe chronic daily vomiting (10 to 20 times a day), with no attributable cause discovered from a complete laboratory workup and extensive imaging. Prior to seeking alternative therapies, the patient had been managed with conventional medication, however symptom resolution was not achieved. Over a period of 15 weekly acupuncture sessions and concurrent treatment with Chinese herbal medication, the number of vomiting episodes was reduced to fewer than two every other day, with complete resolution by week 15. This report adds to the medical literature by expanding the potential treatment options for those with chronic daily nausea and vomiting not related to pregnancy or chemotherapy.

@article{
 title = {Systematic review of acupuncture in cancer care: a synthesis of the evidence.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 pages = {952–60},
 volume = {31},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23341529 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3577953 http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2012.43.5818 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3577953&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=a},
 month = {3},
 day = {1},
 id = {67636b98-fb26-32a4-93ab-7d32b88318d2},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.342Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-19},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:44.061Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Garcia2013a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {PURPOSE: Many cancer centers offer acupuncture services. To date, a comprehensive systematic review of acupuncture in cancer care has not been conducted. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture for symptom management in patients with cancer.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane (all databases), Scopus, and PubMed were searched from inception through December 2011 for prospective randomized clinical trials (RCT) evaluating acupuncture for symptom management in cancer care. Only studies involving needle insertion into acupuncture points were included. No language limitations were applied. Studies were assessed for risk of bias (ROB) according to Cochrane criteria. Outcomes by symptom were designated as positive, negative, or unclear.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: A total of 2,151 publications were screened. Of those, 41 RCTs involving eight symptoms (pain, nausea, hot flashes, fatigue, radiation-induced xerostomia, prolonged postoperative ileus, anxiety/mood disorders, and sleep disturbance) met all inclusion criteria. One positive trial of acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting had low ROB. Of the remaining studies, eight had unclear ROB (four positive, three negative, and one with unclear outcomes). Thirty-three studies had high ROB (19 positive, 11 negative, and three with both positive and negative outcomes depending on the symptom).$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSION: Acupuncture is an appropriate adjunctive treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting, but additional studies are needed. For other symptoms, efficacy remains undetermined owing to high ROB among studies. Future research should focus on standardizing comparison groups and treatment methods, be at least single-blinded, assess biologic mechanisms, have adequate statistical power, and involve multiple acupuncturists.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Garcia, M Kay and McQuade, Jennifer and Haddad, Robin and Patel, Sonya and Lee, Richard and Yang, Peiying and Palmer, J Lynn and Cohen, Lorenzo},
 doi = {10.1200/JCO.2012.43.5818},
 journal = {Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology},
 number = {7}
}

PURPOSE: Many cancer centers offer acupuncture services. To date, a comprehensive systematic review of acupuncture in cancer care has not been conducted. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture for symptom management in patients with cancer.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nMETHODS: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane (all databases), Scopus, and PubMed were searched from inception through December 2011 for prospective randomized clinical trials (RCT) evaluating acupuncture for symptom management in cancer care. Only studies involving needle insertion into acupuncture points were included. No language limitations were applied. Studies were assessed for risk of bias (ROB) according to Cochrane criteria. Outcomes by symptom were designated as positive, negative, or unclear.$\backslash$n$\backslash$nRESULTS: A total of 2,151 publications were screened. Of those, 41 RCTs involving eight symptoms (pain, nausea, hot flashes, fatigue, radiation-induced xerostomia, prolonged postoperative ileus, anxiety/mood disorders, and sleep disturbance) met all inclusion criteria. One positive trial of acupuncture for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting had low ROB. Of the remaining studies, eight had unclear ROB (four positive, three negative, and one with unclear outcomes). Thirty-three studies had high ROB (19 positive, 11 negative, and three with both positive and negative outcomes depending on the symptom).$\backslash$n$\backslash$nCONCLUSION: Acupuncture is an appropriate adjunctive treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting, but additional studies are needed. For other symptoms, efficacy remains undetermined owing to high ROB among studies. Future research should focus on standardizing comparison groups and treatment methods, be at least single-blinded, assess biologic mechanisms, have adequate statistical power, and involve multiple acupuncturists.

@misc{
 title = {Acupuncture for pain management},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2008},
 source = {Geriatrics and Aging},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 pages = {93-97},
 volume = {11},
 issue = {2},
 id = {dae47dc8-2a75-38cf-a0e1-7d9270e23015},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.346Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:54.785Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Rapson2008a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Acupuncture is increasingly used as an alternative or complementary therapy for the treatment of pain. It is well tolerated, with a low risk of serious adverse effects. Traditional and modern acupuncture techniques may result in reported improvement in pain patterns. Research on acupuncture has had a number of limitations, including: incomplete understanding of the physiologic effects of acupuncture; ineffective blinding of participants; unclear adequacy of acupuncture "dose;" difficulty in identification of suitable sham or placebo treatments; and the use of standardized treatment regimens rather than the individualized approach that characterizes most acupuncture practice. Controlled trials have been published regarding acupuncture for lumbar, shoulder, and neck pain; headache; arthritis; fibromyalgia; temporomandibular joint pain; and other pain syndromes. Enough data are available for some conditions to allow systematic evaluations or meta-analyses. Based on published evidence, acupuncture is most likely to benefit patients with low back pain, neck pain, chronic idiopathic or tension headache, migraine, and knee osteoarthritis. Promising but less definitive data exist for shoulder pain, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular joint pain, and postoperative pain. Acupuncture has not been proven to improve pain from rheumatoid arthritis. For other pain conditions, there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Rapson, Linda M. and Banner, Robert},
 doi = {10.1136/aim.5.2.26}
}

Acupuncture is increasingly used as an alternative or complementary therapy for the treatment of pain. It is well tolerated, with a low risk of serious adverse effects. Traditional and modern acupuncture techniques may result in reported improvement in pain patterns. Research on acupuncture has had a number of limitations, including: incomplete understanding of the physiologic effects of acupuncture; ineffective blinding of participants; unclear adequacy of acupuncture "dose;" difficulty in identification of suitable sham or placebo treatments; and the use of standardized treatment regimens rather than the individualized approach that characterizes most acupuncture practice. Controlled trials have been published regarding acupuncture for lumbar, shoulder, and neck pain; headache; arthritis; fibromyalgia; temporomandibular joint pain; and other pain syndromes. Enough data are available for some conditions to allow systematic evaluations or meta-analyses. Based on published evidence, acupuncture is most likely to benefit patients with low back pain, neck pain, chronic idiopathic or tension headache, migraine, and knee osteoarthritis. Promising but less definitive data exist for shoulder pain, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular joint pain, and postoperative pain. Acupuncture has not been proven to improve pain from rheumatoid arthritis. For other pain conditions, there is not enough evidence to draw conclusions.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture for pain and dysfunction after neck dissection: Results of a randomized controlled trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 pages = {2565–2570},
 volume = {28},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406930 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2881730 http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2009.26.9860,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20406930,http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fc},
 month = {5},
 day = {20},
 id = {53519870-0402-3e1e-8ea6-4eb61a83b185},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.374Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-19},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:47.275Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Pfister2010a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Purpose: To determine whether acupuncture reduces pain and dysfunction in patients with cancer with a history of neck dissection. The secondary objective is to determine whether acupuncture relieves dry mouth in this population. Patients and Methods: Patients at a tertiary cancer center with chronic pain or dysfunction attributed to neck dissection were randomly assigned to weekly acupuncture versus usual care (eg, physical therapy, analgesia, and/or anti-inflammatory drugs, per patient preference or physician recommendation) for 4 weeks. The Constant-Murley score, a composite measure of pain, function, and activities of daily living, was the primary outcome measure. Xerostomia, a secondary end point, was assessed using the Xerostomia Inventory. Results: Fifty-eight evaluable patients were accrued and randomly assigned from 2004 to 2007 (28 and 30 patients on acupuncture and control arms, respectively). Constant-Murley scores improved more in the acupuncture group (adjusted difference between groups = 11.2; 95% CI, 3.0 to 19.3; P = .008). Acupuncture produced greater improvement in reported xerostomia (adjusted difference in Xerostomia Inventory = 5.8; 95% CI, 0.9 to 10.7; P = .02). Conclusion: Significant reductions in pain, dysfunction, and xerostomia were observed in patients receiving acupuncture versus usual care. Although further study is needed, these data support the potential role of acupuncture in addressing postneck dissection pain and dysfunction, as well as xerostomia.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Pfister, David G. and Cassileth, Barrie R. and Deng, Gary E. and Yeung, K. Simon and Lee, Jennifer S. and Garrity, Donald and Cronin, Angel and Lee, Nancy and Kraus, Dennis and Shaha, Ashok R. and Shah, Jatin and Vickers, Andrew J.},
 doi = {10.1200/JCO.2009.26.9860},
 journal = {Journal of Clinical Oncology},
 number = {15},
 keywords = {Acupuncture}
}

Purpose: To determine whether acupuncture reduces pain and dysfunction in patients with cancer with a history of neck dissection. The secondary objective is to determine whether acupuncture relieves dry mouth in this population. Patients and Methods: Patients at a tertiary cancer center with chronic pain or dysfunction attributed to neck dissection were randomly assigned to weekly acupuncture versus usual care (eg, physical therapy, analgesia, and/or anti-inflammatory drugs, per patient preference or physician recommendation) for 4 weeks. The Constant-Murley score, a composite measure of pain, function, and activities of daily living, was the primary outcome measure. Xerostomia, a secondary end point, was assessed using the Xerostomia Inventory. Results: Fifty-eight evaluable patients were accrued and randomly assigned from 2004 to 2007 (28 and 30 patients on acupuncture and control arms, respectively). Constant-Murley scores improved more in the acupuncture group (adjusted difference between groups = 11.2; 95% CI, 3.0 to 19.3; P = .008). Acupuncture produced greater improvement in reported xerostomia (adjusted difference in Xerostomia Inventory = 5.8; 95% CI, 0.9 to 10.7; P = .02). Conclusion: Significant reductions in pain, dysfunction, and xerostomia were observed in patients receiving acupuncture versus usual care. Although further study is needed, these data support the potential role of acupuncture in addressing postneck dissection pain and dysfunction, as well as xerostomia.

@book{
 title = {Nine traditional Chinese herbal formulas for the treatment of depression: An ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology review},
 type = {book},
 year = {2016},
 source = {Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment},
 keywords = {Botanical Medicine},
 pages = {2387–2402},
 volume = {12},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27703356,http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5036551,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27703356 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5036551},
 publisher = {Dove Press},
 id = {de7cb86b-73b4-3657-ba97-08860421ecda},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.452Z},
 accessed = {2019-04-10},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:51.783Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Feng2016a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Depression is a major mental disorder, and is currently recognized as the second-leading cause of disability worldwide. However, the therapeutic effect of antidepressants remains unsatisfactory. For centuries, Chinese herbal formulas (CHFs) have been widely used in the treatment of depression, achieving better therapeutic effects than placebo and having fewer side effects than conventional antidepressants. Here, we review the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology studies of nine common CHFs: "banxia houpo" decoction, "chaihu shugansan", "ganmaidazao" decoction, "kaixinsan", "shuganjieyu" capsules, "sinisan", "wuling" capsules, "xiaoyaosan", and "yueju". Eight clinical trials and seven meta-analyses have supported the theory that CHFs are effective treatments for depression, decreasing Hamilton Depression Scale scores and showing few adverse effects. Evidence from 75 preclinical studies has also elucidated the multitarget and multipathway mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of the nine CHFs. Decoctions, capsules, and pills all showed antidepressant effects, ranked in descending order of efficacy. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, these CHFs have flexible compatibility and mainly act by soothing the liver and relieving depression. This review highlights the effective treatment choices and candidate compounds for patients, practitioners, and researchers in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. In summary, the current evidence supports the efficacy of CHFs in the treatment of depression, but additional large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials and sophisticated pharmacology studies should be performed.},
 bibtype = {book},
 author = {Feng, Dan Dan and Tang, Tao and Lin, Xiang Ping and Yang, Zhao Yu and Yang, Shu and Xia, Zi An and Wang, Yang Yun and Zheng, Piao and Wang, Yang Yun and Zhang, Chun Hu},
 doi = {10.2147/NDT.S114560}
}

Depression is a major mental disorder, and is currently recognized as the second-leading cause of disability worldwide. However, the therapeutic effect of antidepressants remains unsatisfactory. For centuries, Chinese herbal formulas (CHFs) have been widely used in the treatment of depression, achieving better therapeutic effects than placebo and having fewer side effects than conventional antidepressants. Here, we review the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacology studies of nine common CHFs: "banxia houpo" decoction, "chaihu shugansan", "ganmaidazao" decoction, "kaixinsan", "shuganjieyu" capsules, "sinisan", "wuling" capsules, "xiaoyaosan", and "yueju". Eight clinical trials and seven meta-analyses have supported the theory that CHFs are effective treatments for depression, decreasing Hamilton Depression Scale scores and showing few adverse effects. Evidence from 75 preclinical studies has also elucidated the multitarget and multipathway mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effect of the nine CHFs. Decoctions, capsules, and pills all showed antidepressant effects, ranked in descending order of efficacy. According to traditional Chinese medicine theory, these CHFs have flexible compatibility and mainly act by soothing the liver and relieving depression. This review highlights the effective treatment choices and candidate compounds for patients, practitioners, and researchers in the field of traditional Chinese medicine. In summary, the current evidence supports the efficacy of CHFs in the treatment of depression, but additional large-scale randomized controlled clinical trials and sophisticated pharmacology studies should be performed.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture analgesia: I. The scientific basis.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2008},
 pages = {602-610},
 volume = {106},
 id = {7a0f9044-630c-3d6b-974c-c348b7af6e06},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.541Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:53.246Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Wang2008b},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Acupuncture has been used in China and other Asian countries for the past 3000 yr. Recently, this technique has been gaining increased popularity among physicians and patients in the United States. Even though acupuncture-induced analgesia is being used in many pain management programs in the United States, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Studies suggest that acupuncture and related techniques trigger a sequence of events that include the release of neurotransmitters, endogenous opioid-like substances, and activation of c-fos within the central nervous system. Recent developments in central nervous system imaging techniques allow scientists to better evaluate the chain of events that occur after acupuncture-induced stimulation. In this review article we examine current biophysiological and imaging studies that explore the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Wang, Shu-Ming and Kain, Zeev N and White, Paul},
 doi = {10.1213/01.ane.0000277493.42335.7b},
 journal = {Anesthesia and analgesia},
 number = {2},
 keywords = {Acupuncture}
}

Acupuncture has been used in China and other Asian countries for the past 3000 yr. Recently, this technique has been gaining increased popularity among physicians and patients in the United States. Even though acupuncture-induced analgesia is being used in many pain management programs in the United States, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Studies suggest that acupuncture and related techniques trigger a sequence of events that include the release of neurotransmitters, endogenous opioid-like substances, and activation of c-fos within the central nervous system. Recent developments in central nervous system imaging techniques allow scientists to better evaluate the chain of events that occur after acupuncture-induced stimulation. In this review article we examine current biophysiological and imaging studies that explore the mechanisms of acupuncture analgesia.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture for Chronic Pain},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 pages = {1444},
 volume = {172},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22965186 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3658605 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3654,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22965186,http://www.pubmed},
 month = {10},
 day = {22},
 id = {f8f82ece-7899-3a0b-82b2-b1fc0d6cbd96},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.562Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-19},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:47.617Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Vickers2012a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Acupuncture is a medical procedure and therefore requires a diagnosis, a therapeutic indication and a prognosis. These tasks form part of medical expertise and must be carried out by suitably qualified and accredited health professionals. Recent investigations have started to establish the scientific basis of acupuncture and consequently the mechanisms of action and the local and systemic mediators involved in this modality are beginning to be understood. Published systematic reviews indicate that the main rheumatic diseases the benefit from acupuncture are osteoarthritis, myofascial pain syndrome, epicondylitis, and neck, shoulder and low back pain. From the perspective of evidence-based medicine, the use of acupuncture in the treatment of osteoarthritis and chronic cervical and lumbar pain is efficient in terms of quality-adjusted life years. Accordingly, acupuncture is a strategy that should be considered in excellent healthcare management. © 2011 SER.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Vickers, Andrew J. and Cronin, Angel M. and Maschino, Alexandra C. and Lewith, George and MacPherson, Hugh and Foster, Nadine E. and Sherman, Karen J. and Witt, Claudia M. and Linde, Klaus and Acupuncture Trialists' Collaboration, for the},
 doi = {10.1001/archinternmed.2012.3654},
 journal = {Archives of Internal Medicine},
 number = {19}
}

Acupuncture is a medical procedure and therefore requires a diagnosis, a therapeutic indication and a prognosis. These tasks form part of medical expertise and must be carried out by suitably qualified and accredited health professionals. Recent investigations have started to establish the scientific basis of acupuncture and consequently the mechanisms of action and the local and systemic mediators involved in this modality are beginning to be understood. Published systematic reviews indicate that the main rheumatic diseases the benefit from acupuncture are osteoarthritis, myofascial pain syndrome, epicondylitis, and neck, shoulder and low back pain. From the perspective of evidence-based medicine, the use of acupuncture in the treatment of osteoarthritis and chronic cervical and lumbar pain is efficient in terms of quality-adjusted life years. Accordingly, acupuncture is a strategy that should be considered in excellent healthcare management. © 2011 SER.

@article{
 title = {Reduced Use of Emergency Care and Hospitalization in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Receiving Acupuncture Treatment},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 volume = {2013},
 id = {8986336e-dc06-372c-91d1-9e8d348746fb},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:32.600Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:45.232Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Shih2013a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Shih, Chun-chuan and Lee, Hsun-hua and Chen, Ta-liang and Tsai, Chin-chuan and Lane, Hsin-long and Chiu, Wen-ta and Liao, Chien-chang},
 keywords = {Acupuncture}
}

@article{
 title = {Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis using homeopathic preparation of common allergens in the southwest region of the US: a randomized, controlled clinical trial.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2005},
 keywords = {Homeopathy},
 pages = {617-24},
 volume = {39},
 websites = {http://aop.sagepub.com/content/39/4/617.full},
 month = {4},
 publisher = {SAGE Publications},
 day = {1},
 id = {ad57bb9f-8521-355f-aa88-4c7cfb193015},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.056Z},
 accessed = {2015-09-18},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:57:10.576Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kim2005},
 language = {en},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Studies using homeopathy have reported beneficial effects from treating allergy-related conditions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a homeopathic drug prepared from common allergens (tree, grass, weed species) specific to the Southwest region of the US. METHODS: A 4-week, double-blind clinical trial comparing homeopathic preparations with placebo was conducted in the Phoenix metropolitan area during the regional allergy season from February to May. Participants included 40 men and women, 26-63 years of age, diagnosed with moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms. Study outcomes included allergy-specific symptoms using the rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire (RQLQ), functional quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36), and the work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. RESULTS: Scales from the RQLQ, MOS SF-36, and WPAI questionnaire showed significant positive changes from baseline to 4 weeks in the homeopathic group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Subjects reported no adverse effects during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings indicate potential benefits of the homeopathic intervention in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis in the Southwestern US.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kim, Linda S and Riedlinger, June E and Baldwin, Carol M and Hilli, Lisa and Khalsa, Sarv Varta and Messer, Stephen A and Waters, Robert F},
 doi = {10.1345/aph.1E387},
 journal = {The Annals of pharmacotherapy},
 number = {4}
}

BACKGROUND: Studies using homeopathy have reported beneficial effects from treating allergy-related conditions. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of a homeopathic drug prepared from common allergens (tree, grass, weed species) specific to the Southwest region of the US. METHODS: A 4-week, double-blind clinical trial comparing homeopathic preparations with placebo was conducted in the Phoenix metropolitan area during the regional allergy season from February to May. Participants included 40 men and women, 26-63 years of age, diagnosed with moderate to severe seasonal allergic rhinitis symptoms. Study outcomes included allergy-specific symptoms using the rhinoconjunctivitis quality-of-life questionnaire (RQLQ), functional quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (MOS SF-36), and the work productivity and activity impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. RESULTS: Scales from the RQLQ, MOS SF-36, and WPAI questionnaire showed significant positive changes from baseline to 4 weeks in the homeopathic group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Subjects reported no adverse effects during the intervention period. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary findings indicate potential benefits of the homeopathic intervention in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis in the Southwestern US.

@article{
 title = {Influence of potassium dichromate on tracheal secretions in critically ill patients},
 type = {article},
 year = {2005},
 keywords = {Homeopathy},
 id = {f6f54929-5df2-327a-bcc9-d1b7558f2bee},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.078Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:05.042Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Frass2005},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Stringy, tenacious tracheal secretions may prevent extubation in patients weaned from the respirator. This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with parallel assignment was performed to assess the influence of sublingually administered potassium dichromate C30 on the amount of tenacious, stringy tracheal secretions in critically ill patients with a history of tobacco use and COPD. METHODS: In this study, 50 patients breathing spontaneously with continuous positive airway pressure were receiving either potassium dichromate C30 globules (group 1) [Deutsche Homoopathie-Union, Pharmaceutical Company; Karlsruhe, Germany] or placebo (group 2). Five globules were administered twice daily at intervals of 12 h. The amount of tracheal secretions on day 2 after the start of the study as well as the time for successful extubation and length of stay in the ICU were recorded. RESULTS: The amount of tracheal secretions was reduced significantly in group 1 (p < 0.0001). Extubation could be performed significantly earlier in group 1 (p < 0.0001). Similarly, length of stay was significantly shorter in group 1 (4.20 +/- 1.61 days vs 7.68 +/- 3.60 days, p < 0.0001 [mean +/- SD]). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that potentized (diluted and vigorously shaken) potassium dichromate may help to decrease the amount of stringy tracheal secretions in COPD patients.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Frass, Michael and Dielacher, Christoph and Linkesch, Manfred and Endler, Christian and Muchitsch, Ilse and Schuster, Ernst and Kaye, Alan},
 doi = {10.1378/chest.127.3.936},
 journal = {Chest}
}

BACKGROUND: Stringy, tenacious tracheal secretions may prevent extubation in patients weaned from the respirator. This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with parallel assignment was performed to assess the influence of sublingually administered potassium dichromate C30 on the amount of tenacious, stringy tracheal secretions in critically ill patients with a history of tobacco use and COPD. METHODS: In this study, 50 patients breathing spontaneously with continuous positive airway pressure were receiving either potassium dichromate C30 globules (group 1) [Deutsche Homoopathie-Union, Pharmaceutical Company; Karlsruhe, Germany] or placebo (group 2). Five globules were administered twice daily at intervals of 12 h. The amount of tracheal secretions on day 2 after the start of the study as well as the time for successful extubation and length of stay in the ICU were recorded. RESULTS: The amount of tracheal secretions was reduced significantly in group 1 (p < 0.0001). Extubation could be performed significantly earlier in group 1 (p < 0.0001). Similarly, length of stay was significantly shorter in group 1 (4.20 +/- 1.61 days vs 7.68 +/- 3.60 days, p < 0.0001 [mean +/- SD]). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that potentized (diluted and vigorously shaken) potassium dichromate may help to decrease the amount of stringy tracheal secretions in COPD patients.

@article{
 title = {Homeopathic and conventional treatment for acute respiratory and ear complaints: A comparative study on outcome in the primary care setting},
 type = {article},
 id = {8fdfb879-6850-3e74-a338-67c1458afbd8},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.103Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:03.660Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Haidvogl},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of homeopathy compared to conventional treatment in acute respiratory and ear complaints in a primary care setting.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Haidvogl, Max and Riley, David S and Heger, Marianne and Brien, Sara and Jong, Miek and Fischer, Michael and Lewith, George T and Jansen, Gerard and Thurneysen, André E},
 doi = {10.1186/1472-6882-7-7},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of homeopathy compared to conventional treatment in acute respiratory and ear complaints in a primary care setting.

@article{
 title = {Homeopathic treatment in emergency medicine: a case series.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2003},
 pages = {44-7},
 volume = {92},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12587994},
 month = {1},
 id = {8e28f9c7-51d1-3f10-b75a-4b2246df158a},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.116Z},
 accessed = {2016-07-14},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:07.596Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Oberbaum2003},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Following a multiple-casualty construction disaster in Israel, members of The Center of Integrated Complementary Medicine joined in the emergency activity of the Shaare Zedek Medical Center. They administered homeopathic treatment to injured patients to supplement conventional orthopaedic treatment. This was to our knowledge the first time that complementary medicine had been used officially in conjunction with conventional medicine in an emergency situation. Our objective is to report and summarize the rationale, procedures and outcome of the complementary medicine intervention. Fifteen orthopaedic patients were included. They were treated by homeopathy in two phases starting 24 h post-trauma. All patients initially received Arnica montana 200CH in a single dose. Anxiety was treated with Aconite 200CH in nine patients, Opium 200CH in three, Ignatia 200CH in two and Arsenicum album 200CH in one according to type of anxiety. One day later, most patients reported a lessening of pain, 58% felt improvement, 89% had reduced anxiety, and overall, 61% felt that homeopathic treatment was helpful. In the second phase, 48 h post-trauma, specific complaints were addressed with classical homeopathy. At discharge patients rated the homeopathic treatment successful in 67% of the specific complaints. Several issues relating to the use of homeopathy in emergency medicine and its relation to conventional treatment are discussed. These include compliance, the conduct of rounds, shortage of time and staff, and the procurement of medicines.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Oberbaum, M and Schreiber, R and Rosenthal, C and Itzchaki, M},
 journal = {Homeopathy : the journal of the Faculty of Homeopathy},
 number = {1},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

Following a multiple-casualty construction disaster in Israel, members of The Center of Integrated Complementary Medicine joined in the emergency activity of the Shaare Zedek Medical Center. They administered homeopathic treatment to injured patients to supplement conventional orthopaedic treatment. This was to our knowledge the first time that complementary medicine had been used officially in conjunction with conventional medicine in an emergency situation. Our objective is to report and summarize the rationale, procedures and outcome of the complementary medicine intervention. Fifteen orthopaedic patients were included. They were treated by homeopathy in two phases starting 24 h post-trauma. All patients initially received Arnica montana 200CH in a single dose. Anxiety was treated with Aconite 200CH in nine patients, Opium 200CH in three, Ignatia 200CH in two and Arsenicum album 200CH in one according to type of anxiety. One day later, most patients reported a lessening of pain, 58% felt improvement, 89% had reduced anxiety, and overall, 61% felt that homeopathic treatment was helpful. In the second phase, 48 h post-trauma, specific complaints were addressed with classical homeopathy. At discharge patients rated the homeopathic treatment successful in 67% of the specific complaints. Several issues relating to the use of homeopathy in emergency medicine and its relation to conventional treatment are discussed. These include compliance, the conduct of rounds, shortage of time and staff, and the procurement of medicines.

@article{
 title = {Additive homeopathy in cancer patients: Retrospective survival data from a homeopathic outpatient unit at the Medical University of Vienna},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Homeopathy},
 id = {c21ac0f5-9385-3267-870f-7241561a6c1c},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.261Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:09.727Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Gaertner2014},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: Current literature suggests a positive influence of additive classical homeopathy on global health and well-being in cancer patients. Besides encouraging case reports, there is little if any research on long-term survival of patients who obtain homeopathic care during cancer treatment. Design: Data from cancer patients who had undergone homeopathic treatment complementary to conventional anti-cancer treatment at the Outpatient Unit for Homeopathy in Malignant Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Vienna, Austria, were collected, described and a retrospective subgroup-analysis with regard to survival time was performed. Patient inclusion criteria were at least three homeopathic consultations, fatal prognosis of disease, quantitative and qualitative description of patient characteristics, and survival time. Results: In four years, a total of 538 patients were recorded to have visited the Outpatient Unit Homeopathy in Malignant Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Vienna, Austria. 62.8% of them were women, and nearly 20% had breast cancer. From the 53.7% (n= 287) who had undergone at least three homeopathic consultations within four years, 18.7% (n= 54) fulfilled inclusion criteria for survival analysis. The surveyed neoplasms were glioblastoma, lung, cholangiocellular and pancreatic carcinomas, metastasized sarcoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Median overall survival was compared to expert expectations of survival outcomes by specific cancer type and was prolonged across observed cancer entities (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Extended survival time in this sample of cancer patients with fatal prognosis but additive homeopathic treatment is interesting. However, findings are based on a small sample, and with only limited data available about patient and treatment characteristics. The relationship between homeopathic treatment and survival time requires prospective investigation in larger samples possibly using matched-pair control analysis or randomized trials. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Gaertner, Katharina and M??llner, Michael and Friehs, Helmut and Schuster, Ernst and Marosi, Christine and Muchitsch, Ilse and Frass, Michael and Kaye, Alan David},
 doi = {10.1016/j.ctim.2013.12.014},
 journal = {Complementary Therapies in Medicine}
}

Background: Current literature suggests a positive influence of additive classical homeopathy on global health and well-being in cancer patients. Besides encouraging case reports, there is little if any research on long-term survival of patients who obtain homeopathic care during cancer treatment. Design: Data from cancer patients who had undergone homeopathic treatment complementary to conventional anti-cancer treatment at the Outpatient Unit for Homeopathy in Malignant Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Vienna, Austria, were collected, described and a retrospective subgroup-analysis with regard to survival time was performed. Patient inclusion criteria were at least three homeopathic consultations, fatal prognosis of disease, quantitative and qualitative description of patient characteristics, and survival time. Results: In four years, a total of 538 patients were recorded to have visited the Outpatient Unit Homeopathy in Malignant Diseases, Medical University Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Vienna, Austria. 62.8% of them were women, and nearly 20% had breast cancer. From the 53.7% (n= 287) who had undergone at least three homeopathic consultations within four years, 18.7% (n= 54) fulfilled inclusion criteria for survival analysis. The surveyed neoplasms were glioblastoma, lung, cholangiocellular and pancreatic carcinomas, metastasized sarcoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Median overall survival was compared to expert expectations of survival outcomes by specific cancer type and was prolonged across observed cancer entities (p< 0.001). Conclusion: Extended survival time in this sample of cancer patients with fatal prognosis but additive homeopathic treatment is interesting. However, findings are based on a small sample, and with only limited data available about patient and treatment characteristics. The relationship between homeopathic treatment and survival time requires prospective investigation in larger samples possibly using matched-pair control analysis or randomized trials. ?? 2014 Elsevier Ltd.

@article{
 title = {Cytotoxic effects of ultra-diluted remedies on breast cancer cells.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 pages = {395-403},
 volume = {36},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20043074},
 month = {2},
 id = {3f0ef077-260e-3f81-9784-da4b6edde79f},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.264Z},
 accessed = {2016-07-14},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:08.311Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Frenkel2010},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {The use of ultra-diluted natural products in the management of disease and treatment of cancer has generated a lot of interest and controversy. We conducted an in vitro study to determine if products prescribed by a clinic in India have any effect on breast cancer cell lines. We studied four ultra-diluted remedies (Carcinosin, Phytolacca, Conium and Thuja) against two human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and a cell line derived from immortalized normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE). The remedies exerted preferential cytotoxic effects against the two breast cancer cell lines, causing cell cycle delay/arrest and apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by altered expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins, including downregulation of phosphorylated Rb and upregulation of the CDK inhibitor p27, which were likely responsible for the cell cycle delay/arrest as well as induction of the apoptotic cascade that manifested in the activation of caspase 7 and cleavage of PARP in the treated cells. The findings demonstrate biological activity of these natural products when presented at ultra-diluted doses. Further in-depth studies with additional cell lines and animal models are warranted to explore the clinical applicability of these agents.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Frenkel, Moshe and Mishra, Bal Mukund and Sen, Subrata and Yang, Peiying and Pawlus, Alison and Vence, Luis and Leblanc, Aimee and Cohen, Lorenzo and Banerji, Pratip and Banerji, Prasanta},
 journal = {International journal of oncology},
 number = {2},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

The use of ultra-diluted natural products in the management of disease and treatment of cancer has generated a lot of interest and controversy. We conducted an in vitro study to determine if products prescribed by a clinic in India have any effect on breast cancer cell lines. We studied four ultra-diluted remedies (Carcinosin, Phytolacca, Conium and Thuja) against two human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and a cell line derived from immortalized normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMLE). The remedies exerted preferential cytotoxic effects against the two breast cancer cell lines, causing cell cycle delay/arrest and apoptosis. These effects were accompanied by altered expression of the cell cycle regulatory proteins, including downregulation of phosphorylated Rb and upregulation of the CDK inhibitor p27, which were likely responsible for the cell cycle delay/arrest as well as induction of the apoptotic cascade that manifested in the activation of caspase 7 and cleavage of PARP in the treated cells. The findings demonstrate biological activity of these natural products when presented at ultra-diluted doses. Further in-depth studies with additional cell lines and animal models are warranted to explore the clinical applicability of these agents.

@article{
 title = {Homeopathic Treatment for Chronic Disease: A 6-Year, University-Hospital Outpatient Observational Study},
 type = {article},
 year = {2005},
 pages = {793-798},
 volume = {11},
 id = {350b27a3-a0db-333c-b81b-7c552becba0e},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.277Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:07.263Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Spence2005},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Objective: The aim of this study was to assess health changes seen in routine homeopathic care for patients with a wide range of chronic conditions who were referred to a hospital outpatient department. Design: This was an observational study of 6544 consecutive follow-up patients during a 6-year period. Setting: Hospital outpatient unit within an acute National Health Service (NHS) Teaching Trust in the United Kingdom. Participants: Every patient attending the hospital outpatient unit for a follow-up appointment over the study period was included, commencing with their first follow-up attendance. Main outcome measure: Outcomes were based on scores on a 7-point Likert-type scale at the end of the consultation and were assessed as overall outcomes compared to the initial baseline assessments. Results: A total of 6544 consecutive follow-up patients were given outcome scores. Of the patients 70.7% (n ϭ 4627) reported positive health changes, with 50.7% (n ϭ 3318) recording their improvement as better (ϩ2) or much better (ϩ3). Conclusions: Homeopathic intervention offered positive health changes to a substantial proportion of a large cohort of patients with a wide range of chronic diseases. Additional observational research, including studies using different designs, is necessary for further research development in homeopathy.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Spence, David S and Hom, F F and Og, D R C and Thompson, Elizabeth A and Barron, S J},
 journal = {THE JOURNAL OF ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE},
 number = {5},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess health changes seen in routine homeopathic care for patients with a wide range of chronic conditions who were referred to a hospital outpatient department. Design: This was an observational study of 6544 consecutive follow-up patients during a 6-year period. Setting: Hospital outpatient unit within an acute National Health Service (NHS) Teaching Trust in the United Kingdom. Participants: Every patient attending the hospital outpatient unit for a follow-up appointment over the study period was included, commencing with their first follow-up attendance. Main outcome measure: Outcomes were based on scores on a 7-point Likert-type scale at the end of the consultation and were assessed as overall outcomes compared to the initial baseline assessments. Results: A total of 6544 consecutive follow-up patients were given outcome scores. Of the patients 70.7% (n ϭ 4627) reported positive health changes, with 50.7% (n ϭ 3318) recording their improvement as better (ϩ2) or much better (ϩ3). Conclusions: Homeopathic intervention offered positive health changes to a substantial proportion of a large cohort of patients with a wide range of chronic diseases. Additional observational research, including studies using different designs, is necessary for further research development in homeopathy.

@article{
 title = {Efficacy of Arnica montana D4 for healing of wounds after Hallux valgus surgery compared to diclofenac.},
 type = {article},
 pages = {17-25},
 volume = {14},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18199022},
 id = {b25ab357-9038-3a2f-8eda-f6325e52c8a5},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.296Z},
 accessed = {2016-07-14},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:04.342Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Karow},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to answer the question: "Is Arnica D4 as efficacious as diclofenac in relation to symptoms and wound healing after foot surgery?" METHODS In this randomized double-blinded, parallel-group study (GCP-standard), the efficacy of Arnica D4 10 pillules (taken orally, 3 times per day) and diclofenac sodium, 50 mg (taken orally, 3 times per day) were investigated for equivalence in 88 patients 4 days after hallux valgus surgery. Outcome parameters were (1) postoperative irritation, (2) patient mobility, (3) rated pain, and (4) use of analgesics. The hierarchic equivalence test based on one-sided Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-U confidence intervals (CIs) was used. Equivalence was perceived, when the lower margin of the 95% CI was > 0.36 corresponding to a range of equivalence of 1/2 standard deviation. RESULTS Arnica D4 and diclofenac were equivalent for wound irritation (lower margin of the 95% CI on day 4: 0.4729 for rubor; 0.3674 for swelling; 0.4106 for calor) and patient mobility (0.4726). A descriptive analysis showed the superiority of Arnica D4 with respect to patient mobility (p = 0.045). With respect to pain, Arnica D4 was inferior to diclofenac (lower margin of the 95% CI 0.026). No significant differences were found regarding the use of additional analgesics during the 4 postoperative days (Dipidolor, Janssen-Cilag, Neuss, Germany; p = 0.54; Tramal, Grünenthal, Aachen, Germany; p = 0.1; and Novalgin, AVENTIS-Pharma, Bad Soden, Germany; p = 0.1). Arnica D4 was significantly better tolerated than diclofenac (p = 0.049). Nine (9) patients (20.45%) of the diclofenac group and 2 (4.5%) of the Arnica D4 group reported intolerance. There was no disturbance in wound healing in any of the patients. Arnica D4 is 60% cheaper than diclofenac. CONCLUSIONS After foot operations, Arnica D4 can be used instead of diclofenac to reduce wound irritation.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Karow, Jens-Hagen and Abt, Hans-Peter and Fröhling, Markus and Ackermann, Hanns},
 doi = {10.1089/acm.2007.0560},
 journal = {Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.)},
 number = {1},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to answer the question: "Is Arnica D4 as efficacious as diclofenac in relation to symptoms and wound healing after foot surgery?" METHODS In this randomized double-blinded, parallel-group study (GCP-standard), the efficacy of Arnica D4 10 pillules (taken orally, 3 times per day) and diclofenac sodium, 50 mg (taken orally, 3 times per day) were investigated for equivalence in 88 patients 4 days after hallux valgus surgery. Outcome parameters were (1) postoperative irritation, (2) patient mobility, (3) rated pain, and (4) use of analgesics. The hierarchic equivalence test based on one-sided Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney-U confidence intervals (CIs) was used. Equivalence was perceived, when the lower margin of the 95% CI was > 0.36 corresponding to a range of equivalence of 1/2 standard deviation. RESULTS Arnica D4 and diclofenac were equivalent for wound irritation (lower margin of the 95% CI on day 4: 0.4729 for rubor; 0.3674 for swelling; 0.4106 for calor) and patient mobility (0.4726). A descriptive analysis showed the superiority of Arnica D4 with respect to patient mobility (p = 0.045). With respect to pain, Arnica D4 was inferior to diclofenac (lower margin of the 95% CI 0.026). No significant differences were found regarding the use of additional analgesics during the 4 postoperative days (Dipidolor, Janssen-Cilag, Neuss, Germany; p = 0.54; Tramal, Grünenthal, Aachen, Germany; p = 0.1; and Novalgin, AVENTIS-Pharma, Bad Soden, Germany; p = 0.1). Arnica D4 was significantly better tolerated than diclofenac (p = 0.049). Nine (9) patients (20.45%) of the diclofenac group and 2 (4.5%) of the Arnica D4 group reported intolerance. There was no disturbance in wound healing in any of the patients. Arnica D4 is 60% cheaper than diclofenac. CONCLUSIONS After foot operations, Arnica D4 can be used instead of diclofenac to reduce wound irritation.

@article{
 title = {Statistical analysis of the effect of high dilutions of arsenic in a large dataset from a wheat germination model.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 pages = {63-7},
 volume = {89},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10826444},
 month = {4},
 id = {b7825d69-edf3-3273-87c2-4e013a1b302c},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.312Z},
 accessed = {2016-07-14},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:06.438Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Brizzi2000},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This paper describes the statistical analysis of a series of experiments using a simple biological model (wheat germination in vitro), where a large number of wheat seeds were treated with homeopathic potencies of Arsenic trioxide. Some potencies, such as As2O3 40x, 42x and 45x, have repeatedly shown a significant stimulating effect on germination compared to controls, whereas As2O3 35x has a significant inhibiting effect. In some experiments the seeds were stressed before the experiment with a sublethal dose of the same substance. We performed a statistical analysis, both for stressed and non-stressed seed groups, using Poisson distribution as a suitable model for representing the number of non-germinated seeds in a standard experiment with 33 seeds in the same Petri dish. Finally, we have considered the most repeated potencies (30x and 45x), computing the sample odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the population OR. Our results show significant reproducible effects of some As2O3 decimal potencies, particularly As2O3 45x. In stressed seeds, even decimal potencies of water seem to give significant results compared to control, whereas high dilutions of As2O3 without potentization never show significant effects.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Brizzi, M and Nani, D and Peruzzi, M and Betti, L},
 journal = {The British homoeopathic journal},
 number = {2},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

This paper describes the statistical analysis of a series of experiments using a simple biological model (wheat germination in vitro), where a large number of wheat seeds were treated with homeopathic potencies of Arsenic trioxide. Some potencies, such as As2O3 40x, 42x and 45x, have repeatedly shown a significant stimulating effect on germination compared to controls, whereas As2O3 35x has a significant inhibiting effect. In some experiments the seeds were stressed before the experiment with a sublethal dose of the same substance. We performed a statistical analysis, both for stressed and non-stressed seed groups, using Poisson distribution as a suitable model for representing the number of non-germinated seeds in a standard experiment with 33 seeds in the same Petri dish. Finally, we have considered the most repeated potencies (30x and 45x), computing the sample odds ratio (OR) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the population OR. Our results show significant reproducible effects of some As2O3 decimal potencies, particularly As2O3 45x. In stressed seeds, even decimal potencies of water seem to give significant results compared to control, whereas high dilutions of As2O3 without potentization never show significant effects.

@article{
 title = {Homeopathic individualized Q-potencies versus fluoxetine for moderate to severe depression: Double-blind, randomized non-inferiority trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 id = {67a37412-e23c-3687-b5ea-360390e25ce2},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.437Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:05.367Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Calil2011},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Homeopathy is a complementary and integrative medicine used in depression, The aim of this study is to investigate the non-inferiority and tolerability of individualized homeopathic medicines [Quinquagintamillesmial (Q-potencies)] in acute depression, using fluoxetine as active control. Ninety-one outpatients with moderate to severe depression were assigned to receive an individualized homeopathic medicine or fluoxetine 20 mg day(-1) (up to 40 mg day(-1)) in a prospective, randomized, double-blind double-dummy 8-week, single-center trial. Primary efficacy measure was the analysis of the mean change in the Montgomery & Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) depression scores, using a non-inferiority test with margin of 1.45. Secondary efficacy outcomes were response and remission rates. Tolerability was assessed with the side effect rating scale of the Scandinavian Society of Psychopharmacology. Mean MADRS scores differences were not significant at the 4th (P = .654) and 8th weeks (P = .965) of treatment. Non-inferiority of homeopathy was indicated because the upper limit of the confidence interval (CI) for mean difference in MADRS change was less than the non-inferiority margin: mean differences (homeopathy-fluoxetine) were -3.04 (95% CI -6.95, 0.86) and -2.4 (95% CI -6.05, 0.77) at 4th and 8th week, respectively. There were no significant differences between the percentages of response or remission rates in both groups. Tolerability: there were no significant differences between the side effects rates, although a higher percentage of patients treated with fluoxetine reported troublesome side effects and there was a trend toward greater treatment interruption for adverse effects in the fluoxetine group. This study illustrates the feasibility of randomized controlled double-blind trials of homeopathy in depression and indicates the non-inferiority of individualized homeopathic Q-potencies as compared to fluoxetine in acute treatment of outpatients with moderate to severe depression.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Calil, H. M. and Adler, U. C. and Paiva, N. M P and Cesar, A. T. and Adler, M. S. and Molina, A. and Padula, A. E.},
 doi = {10.1093/ecam/nep114},
 journal = {Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

Homeopathy is a complementary and integrative medicine used in depression, The aim of this study is to investigate the non-inferiority and tolerability of individualized homeopathic medicines [Quinquagintamillesmial (Q-potencies)] in acute depression, using fluoxetine as active control. Ninety-one outpatients with moderate to severe depression were assigned to receive an individualized homeopathic medicine or fluoxetine 20 mg day(-1) (up to 40 mg day(-1)) in a prospective, randomized, double-blind double-dummy 8-week, single-center trial. Primary efficacy measure was the analysis of the mean change in the Montgomery & Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) depression scores, using a non-inferiority test with margin of 1.45. Secondary efficacy outcomes were response and remission rates. Tolerability was assessed with the side effect rating scale of the Scandinavian Society of Psychopharmacology. Mean MADRS scores differences were not significant at the 4th (P = .654) and 8th weeks (P = .965) of treatment. Non-inferiority of homeopathy was indicated because the upper limit of the confidence interval (CI) for mean difference in MADRS change was less than the non-inferiority margin: mean differences (homeopathy-fluoxetine) were -3.04 (95% CI -6.95, 0.86) and -2.4 (95% CI -6.05, 0.77) at 4th and 8th week, respectively. There were no significant differences between the percentages of response or remission rates in both groups. Tolerability: there were no significant differences between the side effects rates, although a higher percentage of patients treated with fluoxetine reported troublesome side effects and there was a trend toward greater treatment interruption for adverse effects in the fluoxetine group. This study illustrates the feasibility of randomized controlled double-blind trials of homeopathy in depression and indicates the non-inferiority of individualized homeopathic Q-potencies as compared to fluoxetine in acute treatment of outpatients with moderate to severe depression.

@article{
 title = {Randomised controlled trial of homoeopathy versus placebo in perennial allergic rhinitis with overview of four trial series},
 type = {article},
 id = {17df9ff0-3c9c-34ce-9349-2105a9b6e9f7},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.446Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:08.657Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Taylor},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Objective To test the hypothesis that homoeopathy is a placebo by examining its effect in patients with allergic rhinitis and so contest the evidence from three previous trials in this series. Design Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, multicentre study. Setting Four general practices and a hospital ear, nose, and throat outpatient department. Participants 51 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Intervention Random assignment to an oral 30c homoeopathic preparation of principal inhalant allergen or to placebo. Main outcome measures Changes from baseline in nasal inspiratory peak flow and symptom visual analogue scale score over third and fourth weeks after randomisation. Results Fifty patients completed the study. The homoeopathy group had a significant objective improvement in nasal airflow compared with the placebo group (mean difference 19.8 l/min, 95% confidence interval 10.4 to 29.1, P = 0.0001). Both groups reported improvement in symptoms, with patients taking homoeopathy reporting more improvement in all but one of the centres, which had more patients with aggravations. On average no significant difference between the groups was seen on visual analogue scale scores. Initial aggravations of rhinitis symptoms were more common with homoeopathy than placebo (7 (30%) v 2 (7%), P = 0.04). Addition of these results to those of three previous trials (n = 253) showed a mean symptom reduction on visual analogue scores of 28% (10.9 mm) for homoeopathy compared with 3% (1.1 mm) for placebo (95% confidence interval 4.2 to 15.4, P = 0.0007). Conclusion The objective results reinforce earlier evidence that homoeopathic dilutions differ from placebo.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Taylor, Morag A and Reilly, David and Llewellyn-Jones, Robert H and Mcsharry, Charles and Aitchison, Tom C},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

Objective To test the hypothesis that homoeopathy is a placebo by examining its effect in patients with allergic rhinitis and so contest the evidence from three previous trials in this series. Design Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group, multicentre study. Setting Four general practices and a hospital ear, nose, and throat outpatient department. Participants 51 patients with perennial allergic rhinitis. Intervention Random assignment to an oral 30c homoeopathic preparation of principal inhalant allergen or to placebo. Main outcome measures Changes from baseline in nasal inspiratory peak flow and symptom visual analogue scale score over third and fourth weeks after randomisation. Results Fifty patients completed the study. The homoeopathy group had a significant objective improvement in nasal airflow compared with the placebo group (mean difference 19.8 l/min, 95% confidence interval 10.4 to 29.1, P = 0.0001). Both groups reported improvement in symptoms, with patients taking homoeopathy reporting more improvement in all but one of the centres, which had more patients with aggravations. On average no significant difference between the groups was seen on visual analogue scale scores. Initial aggravations of rhinitis symptoms were more common with homoeopathy than placebo (7 (30%) v 2 (7%), P = 0.04). Addition of these results to those of three previous trials (n = 253) showed a mean symptom reduction on visual analogue scores of 28% (10.9 mm) for homoeopathy compared with 3% (1.1 mm) for placebo (95% confidence interval 4.2 to 15.4, P = 0.0007). Conclusion The objective results reinforce earlier evidence that homoeopathic dilutions differ from placebo.

@article{
 title = {A randomized controlled trial comparing topical piroxicam gel with a homeopathic gel in osteoarthritis of the knee},
 type = {article},
 year = {2000},
 keywords = {Homeopathy},
 pages = {714-719},
 volume = {39},
 id = {df52dbcc-7dff-3d56-9799-27b63d79c989},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.459Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:06.089Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {VanHaselen2000},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a homeopathic gel vs an NSAID (piroxicam) gel in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Method. One hundred and eighty-four out-patients with radiographically confirmed symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee were entered into a pragmatic, randomized, double-blind controlled trial and treated with 1 g of gel three times daily for 4 weeks. Main outcome measures were pain on walking as a Visual Analogue Score (VAS) and a single-joint Ritchie index. Results. One hundred and seventy-two of the 184 enrolled patients had endpoints for the main outcome parameters. The pain reduction was 16.5 mm VAS in the homeopathy group (n = 86) and 8.1 mm in the piroxicam group (n = 86); the difference between treatment groups was 8.4 mm (95% confidence interval 0.8–15.9), and after adjustment for pain at baseline it was 6.8 mm (95% confidence interval –0.3 to 13.8). There was no significant difference between treatment groups in the single-joint Ritchie index (P = 0.78). Adverse events occurred in 28 patients (12 homeopathy group, 5 withdrawn; 16 piroxicam group, 9 withdrawn); 18 of the events involved a local reaction (7 homeopathy group, 2 withdrawn; 11 piroxicam group, 5 withdrawn). Conclusion. The homeopathic gel was at least as effective and as well tolerated as the NSAID gel. The presence of a clinically relevant difference between treatment groups cannot be excluded. The homeopathic gel supplemented by simple analgesics if required may provide a useful treatment option for patients with osteoarthritis.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Van Haselen, R A and Fisher, P A G},
 journal = {Rheumatology}
}

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a homeopathic gel vs an NSAID (piroxicam) gel in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. Method. One hundred and eighty-four out-patients with radiographically confirmed symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee were entered into a pragmatic, randomized, double-blind controlled trial and treated with 1 g of gel three times daily for 4 weeks. Main outcome measures were pain on walking as a Visual Analogue Score (VAS) and a single-joint Ritchie index. Results. One hundred and seventy-two of the 184 enrolled patients had endpoints for the main outcome parameters. The pain reduction was 16.5 mm VAS in the homeopathy group (n = 86) and 8.1 mm in the piroxicam group (n = 86); the difference between treatment groups was 8.4 mm (95% confidence interval 0.8–15.9), and after adjustment for pain at baseline it was 6.8 mm (95% confidence interval –0.3 to 13.8). There was no significant difference between treatment groups in the single-joint Ritchie index (P = 0.78). Adverse events occurred in 28 patients (12 homeopathy group, 5 withdrawn; 16 piroxicam group, 9 withdrawn); 18 of the events involved a local reaction (7 homeopathy group, 2 withdrawn; 11 piroxicam group, 5 withdrawn). Conclusion. The homeopathic gel was at least as effective and as well tolerated as the NSAID gel. The presence of a clinically relevant difference between treatment groups cannot be excluded. The homeopathic gel supplemented by simple analgesics if required may provide a useful treatment option for patients with osteoarthritis.

@article{
 title = {Multiple mechanisms involved in the large-spectrum therapeutic potential of cannabidiol in psychiatric disorders},
 type = {article},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 id = {ff40d391-1a8f-3471-afd7-cc981b21752c},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.466Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:55:42.201Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Campos},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid present in the Cannabis sativa plant. It lacks the psy-chotomimetic and other psychotropic effects that the main plant compound D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) being able, on the contrary, to antagonize these effects. This property, together with its safety profile, was an initial stimulus for the investigation of CBD pharmacological properties. It is now clear that CBD has therapeutic potential over a wide range of non-psychiatric and psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and psychosis. Although the pharmacological effects of CBD in different bio-logical systems have been extensively investigated by in vitro studies, the mechanisms responsible for its therapeutic potential are still not clear. Here, we review recent in vivo studies indicating that these mechanisms are not unitary but rather depend on the behavioural response being measured. Acute anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects seem to rely mainly on facilitation of 5-HT1A-mediated neurotransmission in key brain areas related to defensive responses, including the dorsal periaqueductal grey, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial prefrontal cortex. Other effects, such as anti-compulsive, increased extinction and impaired reconsolidation of aversive memories, and facilitation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis could depend on potentiation of anandamide-mediated neurotransmission. Finally, activation of TRPV1 channels may help us to explain the antipsychotic effect and the bell-shaped dose-response curves commonly observed with CBD. Consid-ering its safety profile and wide range of therapeutic potential, however, further studies are needed to investigate the involvement of other possible mechanisms (e.g. inhibition of adenosine uptake, inverse agonism at CB2 receptor, CB1 receptor antagonism, GPR55 antagonism, PPARg receptors agonism, intracellular (Ca 2þ) increase, etc.), on CBD behavioural effects.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Campos, Alline Cristina and Araú, Fabricio and Moreira, Jo and Gomes, Felipe Villela and Aparecida, Elaine and Bel, Del and Silveira, Francisco and Es, Guimarã},
 doi = {10.1098/rstb.2011.0389}
}

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid present in the Cannabis sativa plant. It lacks the psy-chotomimetic and other psychotropic effects that the main plant compound D 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) being able, on the contrary, to antagonize these effects. This property, together with its safety profile, was an initial stimulus for the investigation of CBD pharmacological properties. It is now clear that CBD has therapeutic potential over a wide range of non-psychiatric and psychiatric disorders such as anxiety, depression and psychosis. Although the pharmacological effects of CBD in different bio-logical systems have been extensively investigated by in vitro studies, the mechanisms responsible for its therapeutic potential are still not clear. Here, we review recent in vivo studies indicating that these mechanisms are not unitary but rather depend on the behavioural response being measured. Acute anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects seem to rely mainly on facilitation of 5-HT1A-mediated neurotransmission in key brain areas related to defensive responses, including the dorsal periaqueductal grey, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial prefrontal cortex. Other effects, such as anti-compulsive, increased extinction and impaired reconsolidation of aversive memories, and facilitation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis could depend on potentiation of anandamide-mediated neurotransmission. Finally, activation of TRPV1 channels may help us to explain the antipsychotic effect and the bell-shaped dose-response curves commonly observed with CBD. Consid-ering its safety profile and wide range of therapeutic potential, however, further studies are needed to investigate the involvement of other possible mechanisms (e.g. inhibition of adenosine uptake, inverse agonism at CB2 receptor, CB1 receptor antagonism, GPR55 antagonism, PPARg receptors agonism, intracellular (Ca 2þ) increase, etc.), on CBD behavioural effects.

@misc{
 title = {The effects of cannabinoid administration on sleep: A systematic review of human studies},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2014},
 source = {Sleep Medicine Reviews},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 pages = {477-487},
 volume = {18},
 issue = {6},
 id = {25a5e6b1-714d-3138-b897-4791d313fbbe},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.485Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:01.617Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Gates2014},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {This paper reviews the literature regarding the effects of cannabinoid administration on sleep in humans. A literature search using a set of cannabinoid and sleep-related terms was conducted across eight electronic databases. Human studies that involved the administration of cannabinoids and at least one quantitative sleep-related measure were included. Review papers, opinion pieces, letters or editorials, case studies (final N<7), published abstracts, posters, and non-English papers were excluded. Thirty-nine publications were included in the review. Findings were mixed and showed various effects of cannabinoid administration on several aspects of sleep. Methodological issues in the majority of studies to date, however, preclude any definitive conclusion.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Gates, Peter J. and Albertella, Lucy and Copeland, Jan},
 doi = {10.1016/j.smrv.2014.02.005}
}

This paper reviews the literature regarding the effects of cannabinoid administration on sleep in humans. A literature search using a set of cannabinoid and sleep-related terms was conducted across eight electronic databases. Human studies that involved the administration of cannabinoids and at least one quantitative sleep-related measure were included. Review papers, opinion pieces, letters or editorials, case studies (final N<7), published abstracts, posters, and non-English papers were excluded. Thirty-nine publications were included in the review. Findings were mixed and showed various effects of cannabinoid administration on several aspects of sleep. Methodological issues in the majority of studies to date, however, preclude any definitive conclusion.

@article{
 title = {Cannabidiol in Humans—The Quest for Therapeutic Targets},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 pages = {529–552},
 volume = {5},
 websites = {http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/5/5/529/},
 month = {5},
 publisher = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International},
 day = {21},
 id = {2f854b66-c572-39e7-a8f2-b750205c3b7b},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.602Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:55:42.209Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Zhornitsky2012a},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Cannabidiol (CBD), a major phytocannabinoid constituent of cannabis, is attracting growing attention in medicine for its anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiemetic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, up to this point, a comprehensive literature review of the effects of CBD in humans is lacking. The aim of the present systematic review is to examine the randomized and crossover studies that administered CBD to healthy controls and to clinical patients. A systematic search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE using the key word “cannabidiol”. Both monotherapy and combination studies (e.g., CBD + ∆9-THC) were included. A total of 34 studies were identified: 16 of these were experimental studies, conducted in healthy subjects, and 18 were conducted in clinical populations, including multiple sclerosis (six studies), schizophrenia and bipolar mania (four studies), social anxiety disorder (two studies), neuropathic and cancer pain (two studies), cancer anorexia (one study), Huntington's disease (one study), insomnia (one study), and epilepsy (one study). Experimental studies indicate that a high-dose of inhaled/intravenous CBD is required to inhibit the effects of a lower dose of ∆9-THC. Moreover, some experimental and clinical studies suggest that oral/oromucosal CBD may prolong and/or intensify ∆9-THC-induced effects, whereas others suggest that it may inhibit ∆9-THC-induced effects. Finally, preliminary clinical trials suggest that high-dose oral CBD (150–600 mg/d) may exert a therapeutic effect for social anxiety disorder, insomnia and epilepsy, but also that it may cause mental sedation. Potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic explanations for these results are discussed.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Zhornitsky, Simon and Potvin, Stéphane},
 doi = {10.3390/ph5050529},
 journal = {Pharmaceuticals},
 number = {12}
}

Cannabidiol (CBD), a major phytocannabinoid constituent of cannabis, is attracting growing attention in medicine for its anxiolytic, antipsychotic, antiemetic and anti-inflammatory properties. However, up to this point, a comprehensive literature review of the effects of CBD in humans is lacking. The aim of the present systematic review is to examine the randomized and crossover studies that administered CBD to healthy controls and to clinical patients. A systematic search was performed in the electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE using the key word “cannabidiol”. Both monotherapy and combination studies (e.g., CBD + ∆9-THC) were included. A total of 34 studies were identified: 16 of these were experimental studies, conducted in healthy subjects, and 18 were conducted in clinical populations, including multiple sclerosis (six studies), schizophrenia and bipolar mania (four studies), social anxiety disorder (two studies), neuropathic and cancer pain (two studies), cancer anorexia (one study), Huntington's disease (one study), insomnia (one study), and epilepsy (one study). Experimental studies indicate that a high-dose of inhaled/intravenous CBD is required to inhibit the effects of a lower dose of ∆9-THC. Moreover, some experimental and clinical studies suggest that oral/oromucosal CBD may prolong and/or intensify ∆9-THC-induced effects, whereas others suggest that it may inhibit ∆9-THC-induced effects. Finally, preliminary clinical trials suggest that high-dose oral CBD (150–600 mg/d) may exert a therapeutic effect for social anxiety disorder, insomnia and epilepsy, but also that it may cause mental sedation. Potential pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic explanations for these results are discussed.

@article{
 title = {Assessment of patients with fibrositis after treatment with Rhus toxicodendron (ac-tive) and placebo Incidence of transient nephrotic syndrome during pregnancy in diabetic women with and without pre-existing microalbuminuria},
 type = {article},
 year = {1989},
 pages = {366-7},
 volume = {299},
 id = {ca698201-c3ac-392a-b9b4-1cbaf737d7bc},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.621Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:09.003Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Biesenbach1989},
 folder_uuids = {d0ad3a28-e3f4-4ac0-ad42-7442d4329d62},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {<0.005* No of patients with improved pain or sleep (visual analogue scores) 27 53 0-0052t *Wilcoxon rank sum test. tPaircd t test. Comment Fibrositis (primary fibromyalgia) is a controversial condition but is becoming increasingly accepted.4 It is difficult to treat. We showed that the homoeopathic medicine R toxicodendron 6c was effective for a selected subgroup of patients with fibrositis. The improvement in tenderness, which is the best discriminator of fibrositis,5 was particularly distinct. The improvement experienced by our patients while receiving active treatment was at least as great as that reported for any other treatment that has been assessed double blind. We thank Jean Boiron for his advice and encouragement. I Shipley M, Berry H, Brostcr G, Jeilkinis M, Closer A, Williams 1. Conitrolled trial ott homoeopathic treatment of osteoarthritis. Lancet 1983;i:97-8. 2 Gibsott RU, Gibson SLMNI, MacNeill DA, Watson-Buchanan W. Homoeopathic therapy in rhettmatoid arthritis: evalitation by double-blind clinical trial. Br] Clin Phtarmacol 1980;9:453-9. 3 Yttnus M, Alasi AT, Calabro JJ, et al. IPrimary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): clinical study of 50 paticnts with matched normal controls. Semin Arthritis Rthe2m 1981;11:151-71. 4 Yunus MB. Fibromyalgia syndrome: new research on an old condition. Br Medj 1989;289:474-5. S Wolfe F, Hawley DJ, Cathey MA, et a/. Fibrositis: symptom frequency and criteria for diagnosis.]7 Rheumatol 1985;12:1159-68. Considerably different changes in renal protein excre-tion have been reported in diabetic women during pregnancy.' 2 In pregnant diabetics with pre-existing macroproteinuria (¢0 5 g protein in 24 hour urine samples) there is often a clear increase in the protein-uria, often resulting in development of the transient nephrotic syndrome.34 In diabetic women with albu-min excretion <30 mg/day (normoalbuminuria) or 30-250 mg/day (microalbuminuria) before pregnancy, however, the syndrome is rarely observed during pregnancy. We determined to what extent micro-albuminuria (incipient diabetic nephropathy) affects the alterations of renal protein excretion and the variables of kidney function during and after preg-nancy and the incidence of the syndrome during pregnancy in these women.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Biesenbach, G and Zazgornik, J},
 journal = {BrMedj},
 keywords = {Homeopathy}
}

<0.005* No of patients with improved pain or sleep (visual analogue scores) 27 53 0-0052t *Wilcoxon rank sum test. tPaircd t test. Comment Fibrositis (primary fibromyalgia) is a controversial condition but is becoming increasingly accepted.4 It is difficult to treat. We showed that the homoeopathic medicine R toxicodendron 6c was effective for a selected subgroup of patients with fibrositis. The improvement in tenderness, which is the best discriminator of fibrositis,5 was particularly distinct. The improvement experienced by our patients while receiving active treatment was at least as great as that reported for any other treatment that has been assessed double blind. We thank Jean Boiron for his advice and encouragement. I Shipley M, Berry H, Brostcr G, Jeilkinis M, Closer A, Williams 1. Conitrolled trial ott homoeopathic treatment of osteoarthritis. Lancet 1983;i:97-8. 2 Gibsott RU, Gibson SLMNI, MacNeill DA, Watson-Buchanan W. Homoeopathic therapy in rhettmatoid arthritis: evalitation by double-blind clinical trial. Br] Clin Phtarmacol 1980;9:453-9. 3 Yttnus M, Alasi AT, Calabro JJ, et al. IPrimary fibromyalgia (fibrositis): clinical study of 50 paticnts with matched normal controls. Semin Arthritis Rthe2m 1981;11:151-71. 4 Yunus MB. Fibromyalgia syndrome: new research on an old condition. Br Medj 1989;289:474-5. S Wolfe F, Hawley DJ, Cathey MA, et a/. Fibrositis: symptom frequency and criteria for diagnosis.]7 Rheumatol 1985;12:1159-68. Considerably different changes in renal protein excre-tion have been reported in diabetic women during pregnancy.' 2 In pregnant diabetics with pre-existing macroproteinuria (¢0 5 g protein in 24 hour urine samples) there is often a clear increase in the protein-uria, often resulting in development of the transient nephrotic syndrome.34 In diabetic women with albu-min excretion <30 mg/day (normoalbuminuria) or 30-250 mg/day (microalbuminuria) before pregnancy, however, the syndrome is rarely observed during pregnancy. We determined to what extent micro-albuminuria (incipient diabetic nephropathy) affects the alterations of renal protein excretion and the variables of kidney function during and after preg-nancy and the incidence of the syndrome during pregnancy in these women.

@article{
 title = {The Medicinal Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids-An International Cross-Sectional Survey on Administration Forms},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 pages = {199-210},
 volume = {45},
 websites = {http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.2013.805976},
 month = {7},
 id = {1e11810d-5430-31c2-b657-e2e2faec9313},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.653Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:59.152Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Hazekamp2013a},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, are the most important active constituents of the cannabis plant. Over recent years, cannabinoid-based medicines (CBMs) have become increasingly available to patients in many countries, both as pharmaceutical products and as herbal cannabis (marijuana).While there seems to be a demand for multiple cannabinoid-based therapeutic products, specifically for symptomatic amelioration in chronic diseases, therapeutic effects of different CBMs have only been directly compared in a few clinical studies. The survey presented here was performed by the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines (IACM), and is meant to contribute to the understanding of cannabinoid-based medicine by asking patients who used cannabis or cannabinoids detailed questions about their experiences with different methods of intake. The survey was completed by 953 participants from 31 countries, making this the largest international survey on a wide variety of users of cannabinoid-based medicine performed so far. In general, herbal non-pharmaceutical CBMs received higher appreciation scores by participants than pharmaceutical products containing cannabinoids. However, the number of patients who reported experience with pharmaceutical products was low, limiting conclusions on preferences. Nevertheless, the reported data may be useful for further development of safe and effective medications based on cannabis and single cannabinoids. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hazekamp, Arno and Ware, Mark A. and Muller-Vahl, Kirsten R. and Abrams, Donald and Grotenhermen, Franjo},
 doi = {10.1080/02791072.2013.805976},
 journal = {Journal of Psychoactive Drugs},
 number = {3}
}

Cannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, are the most important active constituents of the cannabis plant. Over recent years, cannabinoid-based medicines (CBMs) have become increasingly available to patients in many countries, both as pharmaceutical products and as herbal cannabis (marijuana).While there seems to be a demand for multiple cannabinoid-based therapeutic products, specifically for symptomatic amelioration in chronic diseases, therapeutic effects of different CBMs have only been directly compared in a few clinical studies. The survey presented here was performed by the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines (IACM), and is meant to contribute to the understanding of cannabinoid-based medicine by asking patients who used cannabis or cannabinoids detailed questions about their experiences with different methods of intake. The survey was completed by 953 participants from 31 countries, making this the largest international survey on a wide variety of users of cannabinoid-based medicine performed so far. In general, herbal non-pharmaceutical CBMs received higher appreciation scores by participants than pharmaceutical products containing cannabinoids. However, the number of patients who reported experience with pharmaceutical products was low, limiting conclusions on preferences. Nevertheless, the reported data may be useful for further development of safe and effective medications based on cannabis and single cannabinoids. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved)

@article{
 title = {Cannabinoid–Opioid Interaction in Chronic Pain},
 type = {article},
 year = {2011},
 pages = {844-851},
 volume = {90},
 websites = {http://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/journal/2012-06/cannabinoid-opioid-interaction-chronic-pain,http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/o/cochrane/clcentral/articles/963/CN-00804963/frame.html,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1038/clpt.2011.188,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.go},
 month = {12},
 day = {2},
 id = {eafa2547-df5d-3e71-8108-56ccf20a1035},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.665Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:59.527Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {DI2011a},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Cannabinoids and opioids share several pharmacologic properties and may act synergistically. The potential pharmacokinetics and the safety of the combination in humans are unknown. We therefore undertook a study to answer these questions. Twenty-one individuals with chronic pain, on a regimen of twice-daily doses of sustained-release morphine or oxycodone were enrolled in the study and admitted for a 5-day inpatient stay. Participants were asked to inhale vaporized cannabis in the evening of day 1, three times a day on days 2-4, and in the morning of day 5. Blood sampling was performed at 12-h intervals on days 1 and 5. The extent of chronic pain was also assessed daily. Pharmacokinetic investigations revealed no significant change in the area under the plasma concentration-time curves for either morphine or oxycodone after exposure to cannabis. Pain was significantly decreased (average 27%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9, 46) after the addition of vaporized cannabis. We therefore concluded that vaporized cannabis augments the analgesic effects of opioids without significantly altering plasma opioid levels. The combination may allow for opioid treatment at lower doses with fewer side effects. © 2011 American Society for clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Abrams, D I and Couey, P and Shade, S B and Kelly, M E and Benowitz, N L},
 doi = {10.1038/clpt.2011.188},
 journal = {Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics},
 number = {6},
 keywords = {Cannabis}
}

Cannabinoids and opioids share several pharmacologic properties and may act synergistically. The potential pharmacokinetics and the safety of the combination in humans are unknown. We therefore undertook a study to answer these questions. Twenty-one individuals with chronic pain, on a regimen of twice-daily doses of sustained-release morphine or oxycodone were enrolled in the study and admitted for a 5-day inpatient stay. Participants were asked to inhale vaporized cannabis in the evening of day 1, three times a day on days 2-4, and in the morning of day 5. Blood sampling was performed at 12-h intervals on days 1 and 5. The extent of chronic pain was also assessed daily. Pharmacokinetic investigations revealed no significant change in the area under the plasma concentration-time curves for either morphine or oxycodone after exposure to cannabis. Pain was significantly decreased (average 27%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 9, 46) after the addition of vaporized cannabis. We therefore concluded that vaporized cannabis augments the analgesic effects of opioids without significantly altering plasma opioid levels. The combination may allow for opioid treatment at lower doses with fewer side effects. © 2011 American Society for clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.

@article{
 title = {Low-dose vaporized cannabis significantly improves neuropathic pain},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {Cannabis},
 pages = {136-148},
 volume = {14},
 websites = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1526590012008644},
 month = {2},
 id = {eef3a8eb-4446-3263-b0d4-109b443a8445},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:33.668Z},
 accessed = {2016-12-29},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:02.995Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Wilsey2013a},
 folder_uuids = {84f4ad97-d6d9-4be9-acbf-2a2263a4e1c4},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study evaluating the analgesic efficacy of vaporized cannabis in subjects, the majority of whom were experiencing neuropathic pain despite traditional treatment. Thirty-nine patients with central and peripheral neuropathic pain underwent a standardized procedure for inhaling medium-dose (3.53%), low-dose (1.29%), or placebo cannabis with the primary outcome being visual analog scale pain intensity. Psychoactive side effects and neuropsychological performance were also evaluated. Mixed-effects regression models demonstrated an analgesic response to vaporized cannabis. There was no significant difference between the 2 active dose groups' results (P >.7). The number needed to treat (NNT) to achieve 30% pain reduction was 3.2 for placebo versus low-dose, 2.9 for placebo versus medium-dose, and 25 for medium- versus low-dose. As these NNTs are comparable to those of traditional neuropathic pain medications, cannabis has analgesic efficacy with the low dose being as effective a pain reliever as the medium dose. Psychoactive effects were minimal and well tolerated, and neuropsychological effects were of limited duration and readily reversible within 1 to 2 hours. Vaporized cannabis, even at low doses, may present an effective option for patients with treatment-resistant neuropathic pain. Perspective: The analgesia obtained from a low dose of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (1.29%) in patients, most of whom were experiencing neuropathic pain despite conventional treatments, is a clinically significant outcome. In general, the effect sizes on cognitive testing were consistent with this minimal dose. As a result, one might not anticipate a significant impact on daily functioning. © 2013 by the American Pain Society.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Wilsey, Barth and Marcotte, Thomas and Deutsch, Reena and Gouaux, Ben and Sakai, Staci and Donaghe, Haylee},
 doi = {10.1016/j.jpain.2012.10.009},
 journal = {Journal of Pain},
 number = {2}
}

We conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study evaluating the analgesic efficacy of vaporized cannabis in subjects, the majority of whom were experiencing neuropathic pain despite traditional treatment. Thirty-nine patients with central and peripheral neuropathic pain underwent a standardized procedure for inhaling medium-dose (3.53%), low-dose (1.29%), or placebo cannabis with the primary outcome being visual analog scale pain intensity. Psychoactive side effects and neuropsychological performance were also evaluated. Mixed-effects regression models demonstrated an analgesic response to vaporized cannabis. There was no significant difference between the 2 active dose groups' results (P >.7). The number needed to treat (NNT) to achieve 30% pain reduction was 3.2 for placebo versus low-dose, 2.9 for placebo versus medium-dose, and 25 for medium- versus low-dose. As these NNTs are comparable to those of traditional neuropathic pain medications, cannabis has analgesic efficacy with the low dose being as effective a pain reliever as the medium dose. Psychoactive effects were minimal and well tolerated, and neuropsychological effects were of limited duration and readily reversible within 1 to 2 hours. Vaporized cannabis, even at low doses, may present an effective option for patients with treatment-resistant neuropathic pain. Perspective: The analgesia obtained from a low dose of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (1.29%) in patients, most of whom were experiencing neuropathic pain despite conventional treatments, is a clinically significant outcome. In general, the effect sizes on cognitive testing were consistent with this minimal dose. As a result, one might not anticipate a significant impact on daily functioning. © 2013 by the American Pain Society.

@misc{
 title = {A review of acupuncture clinical trials indexed during 2005},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2006},
 source = {Acupuncture in Medicine},
 keywords = {Acupuncture},
 pages = {39-49},
 volume = {24},
 issue = {1},
 websites = {http://aim.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/aim.24.1.39},
 month = {3},
 publisher = {BioMed Central},
 day = {1},
 id = {d75d3dba-817b-3b00-9d64-307c84113c09},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:34.677Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:15.754Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Tough2006},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Background: Clinical trials in acupuncture are published in a variety of journals, and it is useful to summarise them in one place. Methods: We conducted a search of PubMed and Embase for clinical trials of acupuncture with date of entry 2005, and selected randomised controlled trials with clinical outcomes for review. Where possible, the original report was read for full details. Results: Thirty-eight RCTs were found from databases, and one more during the process of the study. Ten of the trials included about 100 patients or more. Five showed acupuncture to be superior to usual care in back pain, knee pain and headache. Acupuncture was superior to placebo for chronic knee pain, but not for fibromyalgia, or post-stroke rehabilitation. Acupuncture was not as good as conventional analgesia for oocyte collection. Conclusion: The role of acupuncture is becoming more precisely established in treatment of chronic knee pain, back pain and headache. Acupuncture for chronic back pain is more cost-effective than many other medical interventions. Link to the Ovid Full Text or citation http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=emed7&AN=2006175674},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Tough, White A},
 doi = {10.1136/aim.24.1.39}
}

Background: Clinical trials in acupuncture are published in a variety of journals, and it is useful to summarise them in one place. Methods: We conducted a search of PubMed and Embase for clinical trials of acupuncture with date of entry 2005, and selected randomised controlled trials with clinical outcomes for review. Where possible, the original report was read for full details. Results: Thirty-eight RCTs were found from databases, and one more during the process of the study. Ten of the trials included about 100 patients or more. Five showed acupuncture to be superior to usual care in back pain, knee pain and headache. Acupuncture was superior to placebo for chronic knee pain, but not for fibromyalgia, or post-stroke rehabilitation. Acupuncture was not as good as conventional analgesia for oocyte collection. Conclusion: The role of acupuncture is becoming more precisely established in treatment of chronic knee pain, back pain and headache. Acupuncture for chronic back pain is more cost-effective than many other medical interventions. Link to the Ovid Full Text or citation http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&CSC=Y&NEWS=N&PAGE=fulltext&D=emed7&AN=2006175674

@article{
 title = {Traditional Chinese Medicine for Cardiovascular Disease: Evidence and Potential Mechanisms},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 pages = {2952–2966},
 volume = {69},
 websites = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109717371711?via%3Dihub#fig3},
 month = {6},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 day = {20},
 id = {60b5dabe-90b4-3450-a312-66bb1cd8b283},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:34.831Z},
 accessed = {2019-04-08},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:52.531Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Hao2017a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has more than 2,000 years of history and has gained widespread clinical applications. However, the explicit role of TCM in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease remains unclear due to a lack of sound scientific evidence. Currently available randomized controlled trials on TCM are flawed, with small sample sizes and diverse outcomes, making it difficult to draw definite conclusions about the actual benefits and harms of TCM. Here, we systematically assessed the efficacy and safety of TCM for cardiovascular disease, as well as the pharmacological effects of active TCM ingredients on the cardiovascular system and potential mechanisms. Results indicate that TCM might be used as a complementary and alternative approach to the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, further rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are warranted to assess the effect of TCM on long-term hard endpoints in patients with cardiovascular disease.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Hao, Panpan and Jiang, Fan and Cheng, Jing and Ma, Lianyue and Zhang, Yun and Zhao, Yuxia},
 doi = {10.1016/J.JACC.2017.04.041},
 journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
 number = {24},
 keywords = {Botanical Medicine,Traditional Chinese Medicine}
}

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has more than 2,000 years of history and has gained widespread clinical applications. However, the explicit role of TCM in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease remains unclear due to a lack of sound scientific evidence. Currently available randomized controlled trials on TCM are flawed, with small sample sizes and diverse outcomes, making it difficult to draw definite conclusions about the actual benefits and harms of TCM. Here, we systematically assessed the efficacy and safety of TCM for cardiovascular disease, as well as the pharmacological effects of active TCM ingredients on the cardiovascular system and potential mechanisms. Results indicate that TCM might be used as a complementary and alternative approach to the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. However, further rigorously designed randomized controlled trials are warranted to assess the effect of TCM on long-term hard endpoints in patients with cardiovascular disease.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue in patients with breast cancer: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 pages = {4470–6},
 volume = {30},
 websites = {http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2012.41.6222 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109700,http://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.2012.41.6222,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23109700},
 month = {12},
 publisher = {American Society of Clinical Oncology},
 day = {20},
 id = {763b2478-bbe7-3e31-87c0-41767e7f5bdf},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:34.917Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-20},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:51.139Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Molassiotis2012a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {PURPOSE We aimed to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in patients with breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial comparing acupuncture with enhanced usual care. Three hundred two outpatients with breast cancer participated. We randomly assigned 75 patients to usual care and 227 patients to acupuncture plus usual care (random assignment of 1:3 respectively) with minimization controlling for baseline general fatigue and maintenance treatment. Treatment was delivered by acupuncturists once a week for 6 weeks through needling three pairs of acupoints. The usual care group received a booklet with information about fatigue and its management. Primary outcome was general fatigue at 6 weeks, measured with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Other measurements included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General quality-of-life scale, and expectation of acupuncture effect. Analyses were by intention to treat. RESULTS Two hundred forty-six of 302 patients randomly assigned provided complete data at 6 weeks. The difference in the mean General Fatigue score, between those who received the intervention and those who did not, was -3.11 (95% CI, -3.97 to -2.25; P \textless .001). The intervention also improved all other fatigue aspects measured by MFI, including Physical Fatigue and Mental Fatigue (acupuncture effect, -2.36 and -1.94, respectively; both at P \textless .001), anxiety and depression (acupuncture effect, -1.83 and -2.13, respectively; both at P \textless .001), and quality of life (Physical Well-Being effect, 3.30; Functional Well-Being effect, 3.57; both at P \textless .001; Emotional Well-Being effect, 1.93; P = .001; and Social Functioning Well-Being effect, 1.05; P \textless .05). CONCLUSION Acupuncture is an effective intervention for managing the symptom of CRF and improving patients' quality of life.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Molassiotis, Alexander and Bardy, Joy and Finnegan-John, Jennifer and Mackereth, Peter and Ryder, David W and Filshie, Jacqueline and Ream, Emma and Richardson, Alison},
 doi = {10.1200/JCO.2012.41.6222},
 journal = {Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology},
 number = {36},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,integrative oncology}
}

PURPOSE We aimed to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue (CRF) in patients with breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a pragmatic, randomized controlled trial comparing acupuncture with enhanced usual care. Three hundred two outpatients with breast cancer participated. We randomly assigned 75 patients to usual care and 227 patients to acupuncture plus usual care (random assignment of 1:3 respectively) with minimization controlling for baseline general fatigue and maintenance treatment. Treatment was delivered by acupuncturists once a week for 6 weeks through needling three pairs of acupoints. The usual care group received a booklet with information about fatigue and its management. Primary outcome was general fatigue at 6 weeks, measured with the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Other measurements included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General quality-of-life scale, and expectation of acupuncture effect. Analyses were by intention to treat. RESULTS Two hundred forty-six of 302 patients randomly assigned provided complete data at 6 weeks. The difference in the mean General Fatigue score, between those who received the intervention and those who did not, was -3.11 (95% CI, -3.97 to -2.25; P \textless .001). The intervention also improved all other fatigue aspects measured by MFI, including Physical Fatigue and Mental Fatigue (acupuncture effect, -2.36 and -1.94, respectively; both at P \textless .001), anxiety and depression (acupuncture effect, -1.83 and -2.13, respectively; both at P \textless .001), and quality of life (Physical Well-Being effect, 3.30; Functional Well-Being effect, 3.57; both at P \textless .001; Emotional Well-Being effect, 1.93; P = .001; and Social Functioning Well-Being effect, 1.05; P \textless .05). CONCLUSION Acupuncture is an effective intervention for managing the symptom of CRF and improving patients' quality of life.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue in lung cancer patients: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2017},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,integrative oncology},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28707168,http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00520-017-3812-7,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28707168%0Ahttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00520-017-3812-7},
 month = {7},
 day = {13},
 id = {2b86e94f-f764-3506-9979-ed2959f15a66},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:35.029Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-19},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:50.417Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Cheng2017a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing symptom that is the most common unpleasant side effect experienced by lung cancer patients and is challenging for clinical care workers to manage. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial to evaluate the clinical effect of acupuncture on CRF in lung cancer patients. Twenty-eight patients presenting with CRF were randomly assigned to active acupuncture or placebo acupuncture groups to receive acupoint stimulation (LI-4, Ren-6, St-36, KI-3, and Sp-6) twice per week for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of follow-up. The primary outcome was the change in intensity of CFR based on the Chinese version of the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI-C). As the secondary endpoint, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung Cancer Subscale (FACT-LCS) was adopted to assess the influence of acupuncture on patients' quality of life (QOL). Adverse events and safety of treatments were monitored throughout the trial. RESULTS Our pilot study demonstrated feasibility among patients with appropriate inclusion criteria and good compliance with acupuncture treatment. A significant reduction in the BFI-C score was observed at 2 weeks in the 14 participants who received active acupuncture compared with those receiving the placebo (P < 0.01). At week 6, symptoms further improved according to the BFI-C (P < 0.001) and the FACT-LCS (P = 0.002). There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events in either group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Fatigue is a common symptom experienced by lung cancer patients. Acupuncture may be a safe and feasible optional method for adjunctive treatment in cancer palliative care, and appropriately powered trials are warranted to evaluate the effects of acupuncture.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Cheng, Chien-shan and Chen, Lian-yu and Ning, Zhou-yu and Zhang, Chen-yue and Chen, Hao and Chen, Zhen and Zhu, Xiao-yan and Xie, Jing},
 doi = {10.1007/s00520-017-3812-7},
 journal = {Supportive Care in Cancer}
}

BACKGROUND Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a distressing symptom that is the most common unpleasant side effect experienced by lung cancer patients and is challenging for clinical care workers to manage. METHODS We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial to evaluate the clinical effect of acupuncture on CRF in lung cancer patients. Twenty-eight patients presenting with CRF were randomly assigned to active acupuncture or placebo acupuncture groups to receive acupoint stimulation (LI-4, Ren-6, St-36, KI-3, and Sp-6) twice per week for 4 weeks, followed by 2 weeks of follow-up. The primary outcome was the change in intensity of CFR based on the Chinese version of the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI-C). As the secondary endpoint, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung Cancer Subscale (FACT-LCS) was adopted to assess the influence of acupuncture on patients' quality of life (QOL). Adverse events and safety of treatments were monitored throughout the trial. RESULTS Our pilot study demonstrated feasibility among patients with appropriate inclusion criteria and good compliance with acupuncture treatment. A significant reduction in the BFI-C score was observed at 2 weeks in the 14 participants who received active acupuncture compared with those receiving the placebo (P < 0.01). At week 6, symptoms further improved according to the BFI-C (P < 0.001) and the FACT-LCS (P = 0.002). There were no significant differences in the incidence of adverse events in either group (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Fatigue is a common symptom experienced by lung cancer patients. Acupuncture may be a safe and feasible optional method for adjunctive treatment in cancer palliative care, and appropriately powered trials are warranted to evaluate the effects of acupuncture.

@book{
 title = {Acupuncture-point stimulation for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting},
 type = {book},
 year = {2005},
 source = {Journal of Clinical Oncology},
 pages = {7188–7198},
 volume = {23},
 issue = {28},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625560,http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD002285.pub2,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16625560 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/14651858.CD002285.pub2},
 month = {4},
 publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
 day = {19},
 city = {Chichester, UK},
 id = {e5195fab-1769-35f6-a239-9012f9fd5841},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:35.225Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-19},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:31:49.039Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Ezzo2005a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND There have been recent advances in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting using 5-HT(3) inhibitors and dexamethasone. However, many still experience these symptoms, and expert panels encourage additional methods to reduce these symptoms. OBJECTIVES The objective was to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture-point stimulation on acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycLIT, MANTIS, Science Citation Index, CCTR (Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry), Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field Trials Register, Cochrane Pain, Palliative Care and Supportive Care Specialized Register, Cochrane Cancer Specialized Register, and conference abstracts. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized trials of acupuncture-point stimulation by any method (needles, electrical stimulation, magnets, or acupressure) and assessing chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting, or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were provided by investigators of the original trials and pooled using a fixed effect model. Relative risks were calculated on dichotomous data. Standardized mean differences were calculated for nausea severity. Weighted mean differences were calculated for number of emetic episodes. MAIN RESULTS Eleven trials (N = 1247) were pooled. Overall, acupuncture-point stimulation of all methods combined reduced the incidence of acute vomiting (RR = 0.82; 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 0.99; P = 0.04), but not acute or delayed nausea severity compared to control. By modality, stimulation with needles reduced proportion of acute vomiting (RR = 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.94; P = 0.01), but not acute nausea severity. Electroacupuncture reduced the proportion of acute vomiting (RR = 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.97; P = 0.02), but manual acupuncture did not; delayed symptoms for acupuncture were not reported. Acupressure reduced mean acute nausea severity (SMD = -0.19; 95% confidence interval -0.37 to -0.01; P = 0.04) but not acute vomiting or delayed symptoms. Noninvasive electrostimulation showed no benefit for any outcome. All trials used concomitant pharmacologic antiemetics, and all, except electroacupuncture trials, used state-of-the-art antiemetics. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review complements data on post-operative nausea and vomiting suggesting a biologic effect of acupuncture-point stimulation. Electroacupuncture has demonstrated benefit for chemotherapy-induced acute vomiting, but studies combining electroacupuncture with state-of-the-art antiemetics and in patients with refractory symptoms are needed to determine clinical relevance. Self-administered acupressure appears to have a protective effect for acute nausea and can readily be taught to patients though studies did not involve placebo control. Noninvasive electrostimulation appears unlikely to have a clinically relevant impact when patients are given state-of-the-art pharmacologic antiemetic therapy.},
 bibtype = {book},
 author = {Ezzo, Jeanette and Vickers, Andrew and Richardson, Mary Ann and Allen, Claire and Dibble, Suzanne L. and Issell, Brian and Lao, Lixing and Pearl, Michael and Ramirez, Gilbert and Roscoe, Joseph A and Shen, Joannie and Shivnan, Jane and Streitberger, Konrad and Treish, Imad and Zhang, Grant},
 editor = {Ezzo, Jeanette},
 doi = {10.1200/JCO.2005.06.028},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,integrative oncology}
}

BACKGROUND There have been recent advances in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting using 5-HT(3) inhibitors and dexamethasone. However, many still experience these symptoms, and expert panels encourage additional methods to reduce these symptoms. OBJECTIVES The objective was to assess the effectiveness of acupuncture-point stimulation on acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in cancer patients. SEARCH STRATEGY We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycLIT, MANTIS, Science Citation Index, CCTR (Cochrane Controlled Trials Registry), Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field Trials Register, Cochrane Pain, Palliative Care and Supportive Care Specialized Register, Cochrane Cancer Specialized Register, and conference abstracts. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomized trials of acupuncture-point stimulation by any method (needles, electrical stimulation, magnets, or acupressure) and assessing chemotherapy-induced nausea or vomiting, or both. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were provided by investigators of the original trials and pooled using a fixed effect model. Relative risks were calculated on dichotomous data. Standardized mean differences were calculated for nausea severity. Weighted mean differences were calculated for number of emetic episodes. MAIN RESULTS Eleven trials (N = 1247) were pooled. Overall, acupuncture-point stimulation of all methods combined reduced the incidence of acute vomiting (RR = 0.82; 95% confidence interval 0.69 to 0.99; P = 0.04), but not acute or delayed nausea severity compared to control. By modality, stimulation with needles reduced proportion of acute vomiting (RR = 0.74; 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.94; P = 0.01), but not acute nausea severity. Electroacupuncture reduced the proportion of acute vomiting (RR = 0.76; 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 0.97; P = 0.02), but manual acupuncture did not; delayed symptoms for acupuncture were not reported. Acupressure reduced mean acute nausea severity (SMD = -0.19; 95% confidence interval -0.37 to -0.01; P = 0.04) but not acute vomiting or delayed symptoms. Noninvasive electrostimulation showed no benefit for any outcome. All trials used concomitant pharmacologic antiemetics, and all, except electroacupuncture trials, used state-of-the-art antiemetics. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review complements data on post-operative nausea and vomiting suggesting a biologic effect of acupuncture-point stimulation. Electroacupuncture has demonstrated benefit for chemotherapy-induced acute vomiting, but studies combining electroacupuncture with state-of-the-art antiemetics and in patients with refractory symptoms are needed to determine clinical relevance. Self-administered acupressure appears to have a protective effect for acute nausea and can readily be taught to patients though studies did not involve placebo control. Noninvasive electrostimulation appears unlikely to have a clinically relevant impact when patients are given state-of-the-art pharmacologic antiemetic therapy.

@article{
 title = {A review of plants used in the treatment of liver disease: part 1.},
 type = {article},
 year = {1998},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine},
 pages = {410-21},
 volume = {3},
 websites = {http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/9855566},
 month = {12},
 day = {1},
 id = {adba673f-b8a0-314d-bce7-24096d31176c},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:31:35.253Z},
 accessed = {2015-09-18},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:32:14.282Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Luper1998},
 language = {en},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Botanicals have been used traditionally by herbalists and indigenous healers worldwide for the prevention and treatment of liver disease. Clinical research in this century has confirmed the efficacy of several plants in the treatment of liver disease. Basic scientific research has uncovered the mechanisms by which some plants afford their therapeutic effects. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) has been shown to have clinical applications in the treatment of toxic hepatitis, fatty liver, cirrhosis, ischemic injury, radiation toxicity, and viral hepatitis via its antioxidative, anti-lipid peroxidative, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and liver regenerating effects. Picrorhiza kurroa, though less well researched than Silybum, appears to have similar applications and mechanisms of action. When compared with Silybum, the hepatoprotective effect of Picrorhiza was found to be similar, or in many cases, superior to the effect of Silybum.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Luper, S},
 journal = {Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic},
 number = {6}
}

Botanicals have been used traditionally by herbalists and indigenous healers worldwide for the prevention and treatment of liver disease. Clinical research in this century has confirmed the efficacy of several plants in the treatment of liver disease. Basic scientific research has uncovered the mechanisms by which some plants afford their therapeutic effects. Silybum marianum (milk thistle) has been shown to have clinical applications in the treatment of toxic hepatitis, fatty liver, cirrhosis, ischemic injury, radiation toxicity, and viral hepatitis via its antioxidative, anti-lipid peroxidative, antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and liver regenerating effects. Picrorhiza kurroa, though less well researched than Silybum, appears to have similar applications and mechanisms of action. When compared with Silybum, the hepatoprotective effect of Picrorhiza was found to be similar, or in many cases, superior to the effect of Silybum.

@article{
 title = {An Alternative Treatment for Anxiety: A Systematic Review of Human Trial Results Reported for the Ayurvedic Herb Ashwagandha (
              Withania somnifera
              )},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 pages = {901-908},
 volume = {20},
 websites = {http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/acm.2014.0177},
 id = {f9960ecc-960a-3341-aaeb-e2fcd5c1e924},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:35:22.430Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:35:30.025Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Pratte2014},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Pratte, Morgan a. and Nanavati, Kaushal B. and Young, Virginia and Morley, Christopher P.},
 doi = {10.1089/acm.2014.0177},
 journal = {The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine},
 number = {12},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine}
}

@article{
 title = {Naturopathy and the Primary Care Practice},
 type = {article},
 year = {2010},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine},
 pages = {119-136},
 volume = {37},
 websites = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2883816/},
 id = {dcf251bd-1c2c-311e-8296-ae87674a8a31},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:35:22.462Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:35:29.673Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Fleming2010},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Fleming, Sa and Gutknecht, Nc},
 doi = {10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.002.Naturopathy},
 journal = {Primary care},
 number = {1}
}

@article{
 title = {Can naturopaths deliver complementary preventive medicine?},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 pages = {747},
 volume = {185},
 id = {d11ba080-3654-308a-a443-bb39180a9187},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:35:22.548Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:35:30.349Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Stanbrook2013},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Stanbrook, Matthew B.},
 doi = {10.1503/cmaj.130614},
 journal = {Cmaj},
 number = {9},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine}
}

@article{
 title = {Naturopathic care for chronic low back pain: A randomized trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2007},
 volume = {2},
 id = {e6e6c494-47f2-3c2f-97d9-feaec573e733},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:35:22.652Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:35:27.772Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Szczurko2007},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Chronic low back pain represents a substantial cost to employers through benefits coverage and days missed due to incapacity. We sought to explore the effectiveness of Naturopathic care on chronic low back pain. METHODS: This study was a randomized clinical trial. We randomized 75 postal employees with low back pain of longer than six weeks duration to receive Naturopathic care (n = 39) or standardized physiotherapy (n = 36) over a period of 12 weeks. The study was conducted in clinics on-site in postal outlets. Participants in the Naturopathic care group received dietary counseling, deep breathing relaxation techniques and acupuncture. The control intervention received education and instruction on physiotherapy exercises using an approved education booklet. We measured low back pain using the Oswestry disability questionnaire as the primary outcome measure, and quality of life using the SF-36 in addition to low back range of motion, weight loss, and Body Mass Index as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty-nine participants (92%) completed eight weeks or greater of the trial. Participants in the Naturopathic care group reported significantly lower back pain (-6.89, 95% CI. -9.23 to -3.54, p = <0.0001) as measured by the Oswestry questionnaire. Quality of life was also significantly improved in the group receiving Naturopathic care in all domains except for vitality. Differences for the aggregate physical component of the SF-36 was 8.47 (95% CI, 5.05 to 11.87, p = <0.0001) and for the aggregate mental component was 7.0 (95% CI, 2.25 to 11.75, p = 0.0045). All secondary outcomes were also significantly improved in the group receiving Naturopathic care: spinal flexion (p<0.0001), weight-loss (p = 0.0052) and Body Mass Index (-0.52, 95% CI, -0.96 to -0.08, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Naturopathic care provided significantly greater improvement than physiotherapy advice for patients with chronic low back pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN41920953.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Szczurko, Orest and Cooley, Kieran and Busse, Jason W. and Seely, Dugald and Bernhardt, Bob and Guyatt, Gordon H. and Zhou, Qi and Mills, Edward J.},
 doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0000919},
 journal = {PLoS ONE},
 number = {9},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine}
}

OBJECTIVE: Chronic low back pain represents a substantial cost to employers through benefits coverage and days missed due to incapacity. We sought to explore the effectiveness of Naturopathic care on chronic low back pain. METHODS: This study was a randomized clinical trial. We randomized 75 postal employees with low back pain of longer than six weeks duration to receive Naturopathic care (n = 39) or standardized physiotherapy (n = 36) over a period of 12 weeks. The study was conducted in clinics on-site in postal outlets. Participants in the Naturopathic care group received dietary counseling, deep breathing relaxation techniques and acupuncture. The control intervention received education and instruction on physiotherapy exercises using an approved education booklet. We measured low back pain using the Oswestry disability questionnaire as the primary outcome measure, and quality of life using the SF-36 in addition to low back range of motion, weight loss, and Body Mass Index as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty-nine participants (92%) completed eight weeks or greater of the trial. Participants in the Naturopathic care group reported significantly lower back pain (-6.89, 95% CI. -9.23 to -3.54, p = <0.0001) as measured by the Oswestry questionnaire. Quality of life was also significantly improved in the group receiving Naturopathic care in all domains except for vitality. Differences for the aggregate physical component of the SF-36 was 8.47 (95% CI, 5.05 to 11.87, p = <0.0001) and for the aggregate mental component was 7.0 (95% CI, 2.25 to 11.75, p = 0.0045). All secondary outcomes were also significantly improved in the group receiving Naturopathic care: spinal flexion (p<0.0001), weight-loss (p = 0.0052) and Body Mass Index (-0.52, 95% CI, -0.96 to -0.08, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Naturopathic care provided significantly greater improvement than physiotherapy advice for patients with chronic low back pain. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN41920953.

@article{
 title = {Efficacy of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) in osteoarthritis pain of the knee: a pilot clinical trial.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2006},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine},
 pages = {286-94},
 volume = {14},
 websites = {http://www.oarsijournal.com/article/S1063458405002852/fulltext},
 month = {3},
 publisher = {Elsevier},
 day = {3},
 id = {7abb2c04-34b2-3398-bc40-94187961fc6b},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:35:22.671Z},
 accessed = {2015-09-18},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:35:28.109Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kim2006},
 language = {English},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and the second most common cause of long-term disability among middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a popular dietary supplement used as a single agent and in combination with other nutrients, and purported to be beneficial for arthritis. However, there is paucity of evidence to support the use of MSM.

METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Fifty men and women, 40-76 years of age with knee OA pain were enrolled in an outpatient medical center. Intervention was MSM 3g or placebo twice a day for 12 weeks (6g/day total). Outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index visual analogue scale (WOMAC), patient and physician global assessments (disease status, response to therapy), and SF-36 (overall health-related quality of life).

RESULTS: Compared to placebo, MSM produced significant decreases in WOMAC pain and physical function impairment (P<0.05). No notable changes were found in WOMAC stiffness and aggregated total symptoms scores. MSM also produced improvement in performing activities of daily living when compared to placebo on the SF-36 evaluation (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: MSM (3g twice a day) improved symptoms of pain and physical function during the short intervention without major adverse events. The benefits and safety of MSM in managing OA and long-term use cannot be confirmed from this pilot trial, but its potential clinical application is examined. Underlying mechanisms of action and need for further investigation of MSM are discussed.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kim, L S and Axelrod, L J and Howard, P and Buratovich, N and Waters, R F},
 doi = {10.1016/j.joca.2005.10.003},
 journal = {Osteoarthritis and cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society},
 number = {3}
}

OBJECTIVE: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis and the second most common cause of long-term disability among middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a popular dietary supplement used as a single agent and in combination with other nutrients, and purported to be beneficial for arthritis. However, there is paucity of evidence to support the use of MSM. METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Fifty men and women, 40-76 years of age with knee OA pain were enrolled in an outpatient medical center. Intervention was MSM 3g or placebo twice a day for 12 weeks (6g/day total). Outcomes included the Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index visual analogue scale (WOMAC), patient and physician global assessments (disease status, response to therapy), and SF-36 (overall health-related quality of life). RESULTS: Compared to placebo, MSM produced significant decreases in WOMAC pain and physical function impairment (P<0.05). No notable changes were found in WOMAC stiffness and aggregated total symptoms scores. MSM also produced improvement in performing activities of daily living when compared to placebo on the SF-36 evaluation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: MSM (3g twice a day) improved symptoms of pain and physical function during the short intervention without major adverse events. The benefits and safety of MSM in managing OA and long-term use cannot be confirmed from this pilot trial, but its potential clinical application is examined. Underlying mechanisms of action and need for further investigation of MSM are discussed.

@article{
 title = {Food-specific IgG Antibody-guided Elimination Diets Followed by Resolution of Asthma Symptoms and Reduction in Pharmacological Interventions in Two Patients: A Case Report.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine},
 pages = {62-6},
 volume = {4},
 websites = {http://www.gahmj.com/doi/abs/10.7453/gahmj.2014.068},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {Global Advances in Health and Medicine},
 day = {14},
 id = {b70ee0fa-56c5-31f9-9165-d9f3caf67f73},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:35:22.673Z},
 accessed = {2015-08-08},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:35:28.864Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Virdee2015},
 language = {en},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Asthma is one of the most common causes of office visits in the primary care and emergency care settings. Individuals are often able to maintain symptomatic control with long-term pharmacological therapy. Exacerbations of asthma commonly occur due to exposure to triggers such as viruses, pollutants, and allergens. While it is widely accepted that exposure to immunoglobulin E food allergens can exacerbate asthma symptoms, there is little evidence examining delayed immunoglobulin G-mediated reactions to food. Here we present two clinical cases of individuals who experienced a reduction in asthma symptoms, decreased dependence on pharmacological therapies, and increased quality of life by eliminating foods that demonstrated reactivity to immunoglobulin G levels identified through serum testing.

Abstract available from the publisher.

Abstract available from the publisher.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Virdee, Kulveen and Musset, Jeannette and Baral, Matthew and Cronin, Courtney and Langland, Jeffrey},
 doi = {10.7453/gahmj.2014.068},
 journal = {Global advances in health and medicine : improving healthcare outcomes worldwide},
 number = {1}
}

Asthma is one of the most common causes of office visits in the primary care and emergency care settings. Individuals are often able to maintain symptomatic control with long-term pharmacological therapy. Exacerbations of asthma commonly occur due to exposure to triggers such as viruses, pollutants, and allergens. While it is widely accepted that exposure to immunoglobulin E food allergens can exacerbate asthma symptoms, there is little evidence examining delayed immunoglobulin G-mediated reactions to food. Here we present two clinical cases of individuals who experienced a reduction in asthma symptoms, decreased dependence on pharmacological therapies, and increased quality of life by eliminating foods that demonstrated reactivity to immunoglobulin G levels identified through serum testing. Abstract available from the publisher. Abstract available from the publisher.

@article{
 title = {Description of Clinical Risk Factor Changes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2009},
 pages = {633-638},
 volume = {15},
 id = {19c68e21-3a39-307c-a054-1e5f6b37a20e},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:35:22.714Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:35:28.495Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Kozura2009},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Kozura, Eva and Buckle, Heather and Kaltunas, Jennifer},
 journal = {the Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine},
 number = {6},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine}
}

@article{
 title = {P02.100. Adjunctive naturopathic care in type 2 diabetes: patient-reported and clinical outcomes},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 pages = {P156},
 volume = {12},
 id = {3d597fbe-5c84-3827-adb5-beffea19c454},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:35:22.766Z},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:35:29.349Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Bradley2012},
 folder_uuids = {c46e49a5-aae7-4fec-8a63-5a51c4abd242},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: Several small, uncontrolled studies have found improvements in self-care behaviors and reductions in clinical risk in persons with type 2 diabetes who received care from licensed naturopathic physicians. To extend these findings and determine the feasibility and promise of a randomized clinical trial, we conducted a prospective study to measure the effects of adjunctive naturopathic care (ANC) in primary care patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes.\n\nMETHODS: Forty patients with type 2 diabetes were invited from a large integrated health care system to receive up to eight ANC visits for up to one year. Participants were required to have hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values between 7.5-9.5 % and at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor (i.e., hypertension, hyperlipidemia or overweight). Standardized instruments were administered by telephone to collect outcome data on self-care, self-efficacy, diabetes problem areas, perceived stress, motivation, and mood. Changes from baseline scores were calculated at 6- and 12-months after entry into the study. Six and 12-month changes in clinical risk factors (i.e., HbA1c, lipid and blood pressure) were calculated for the ANC cohort, and compared to changes in a cohort of 329 eligible, non-participating patients constructed using electronic medical records data. Between-cohort comparisons were adjusted for age, gender, baseline HbA1c, and diabetes medications. Six months was pre-specified as the primary endpoint for outcome assessment.\n\nRESULTS: Participants made 3.9 ANC visits on average during the year, 78 % of which occurred within six months of entry into the study. At 6-months, significant improvements were found in most patient-reported measures, including glucose testing (P = 0.001), diet (P = 0.001), physical activity (P = 0.02), mood (P = 0.001), self-efficacy (P = 0.0001) and motivation to change lifestyle (P = 0.003). Improvements in glucose testing, mood, self-efficacy and motivation to change lifestyle persisted at 12-months (all P < 0.005). For clinical outcomes, mean HbA1c decreased by -0.90 % (P = 0.02) in the ANC cohort at 6-months, a -0.51 % mean difference compared to usual care (P = 0.07). Reductions at 12-months were not statistically significant (-0.34 % in the ANC cohort, P = 0.14; -0.37 % difference compared to the usual care cohort, P = 0.12).\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Improvements were noted in self-monitoring of glucose, diet, self-efficacy, motivation and mood following initiation of ANC for patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes. Study participants also experienced reductions in blood glucose that exceeded those for similar patients who did not receive ANC. Randomized clinical trials will be necessary to determine if ANC was responsible for these benefits.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Bradley, R and Sherman, K and Catz, S and Oberg, E and Calabrese, C and Cherkin, D},
 doi = {10.1186/1472-6882-12-S1-P156},
 journal = {BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine},
 number = {Suppl 1},
 keywords = {Naturopathic medicine}
}

BACKGROUND: Several small, uncontrolled studies have found improvements in self-care behaviors and reductions in clinical risk in persons with type 2 diabetes who received care from licensed naturopathic physicians. To extend these findings and determine the feasibility and promise of a randomized clinical trial, we conducted a prospective study to measure the effects of adjunctive naturopathic care (ANC) in primary care patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes.\n\nMETHODS: Forty patients with type 2 diabetes were invited from a large integrated health care system to receive up to eight ANC visits for up to one year. Participants were required to have hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values between 7.5-9.5 % and at least one additional cardiovascular risk factor (i.e., hypertension, hyperlipidemia or overweight). Standardized instruments were administered by telephone to collect outcome data on self-care, self-efficacy, diabetes problem areas, perceived stress, motivation, and mood. Changes from baseline scores were calculated at 6- and 12-months after entry into the study. Six and 12-month changes in clinical risk factors (i.e., HbA1c, lipid and blood pressure) were calculated for the ANC cohort, and compared to changes in a cohort of 329 eligible, non-participating patients constructed using electronic medical records data. Between-cohort comparisons were adjusted for age, gender, baseline HbA1c, and diabetes medications. Six months was pre-specified as the primary endpoint for outcome assessment.\n\nRESULTS: Participants made 3.9 ANC visits on average during the year, 78 % of which occurred within six months of entry into the study. At 6-months, significant improvements were found in most patient-reported measures, including glucose testing (P = 0.001), diet (P = 0.001), physical activity (P = 0.02), mood (P = 0.001), self-efficacy (P = 0.0001) and motivation to change lifestyle (P = 0.003). Improvements in glucose testing, mood, self-efficacy and motivation to change lifestyle persisted at 12-months (all P < 0.005). For clinical outcomes, mean HbA1c decreased by -0.90 % (P = 0.02) in the ANC cohort at 6-months, a -0.51 % mean difference compared to usual care (P = 0.07). Reductions at 12-months were not statistically significant (-0.34 % in the ANC cohort, P = 0.14; -0.37 % difference compared to the usual care cohort, P = 0.12).\n\nCONCLUSIONS: Improvements were noted in self-monitoring of glucose, diet, self-efficacy, motivation and mood following initiation of ANC for patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes. Study participants also experienced reductions in blood glucose that exceeded those for similar patients who did not receive ANC. Randomized clinical trials will be necessary to determine if ANC was responsible for these benefits.

@article{
 title = {Efficacy of acupuncture during post-acute phase of rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty},
 type = {article},
 year = {2012},
 pages = {545-548},
 volume = {32},
 websites = {http://www.journaltcm.com},
 id = {cdc7124b-af64-363e-ab57-44a346a4546c},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.134Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-24},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:43.360Z},
 read = {true},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Mikashima2012},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to deter-mine whether acupuncture is effective in reducing pain and swelling around the knee and improving range of motion (ROM) during the post-acute phase of rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Mikashima, Yoshinori and Takagi, Tadashi and Tomatsu, Taisuke and Horikoshi, Mariko and Ikari, Katsunori and Momohara, Shigeki and Horikosh, Mariko},
 journal = {J Tradit Chin Med},
 number = {4},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis}
}

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to deter-mine whether acupuncture is effective in reducing pain and swelling around the knee and improving range of motion (ROM) during the post-acute phase of rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

@article{
 title = {Comparison of Warm-Needling and Acupuncture for Knee Osteoarthritis : A Randomized Controlled Trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2013},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis},
 pages = {64-72},
 volume = {30},
 websites = {www.kjacupuncture.org,http://koreascience.or.kr/journal/view.jsp?kj=HHRRB4&py=2013&vnc=v30n1&sp=64},
 month = {3},
 day = {27},
 id = {f7e1be9f-5534-3230-955b-5bdee413adb7},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.141Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:44.676Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Min2013},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate whether warm-needling is more effective than acupuncture in relieving the pain and improving the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis(OA). Methods : 76 volunteers with knee OA participated in the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received warm-needling(n=38), while the other group received acupuncture(n=38). Sixteen sessions of warm-needling or acupuncture were conducted on the pain region of each problematic knee over a period of 8 weeks. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC) scores, physical health score based on the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey(SF-36) and the Global Assessment(PGA) was measured. Results : Compared to the acupuncture group, the warm-needling group showed a significant decrease in pain, function, and total WOMAC scores according to the Mann-Whitney U-test. The PGA scores of the warm-needling group also showed a significant improvement compared to the acupuncture group. Conclusions : Warm-needling showed a greater pain relief effect on knee OA compared to the acupuncture group. These findings suggest that warm-needling may be a promising alternative therapy for treating knee OA.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Min, Woong-Ki and Yeo, Sujung and Kim, Ee-Hwa and Song, Ho Sueb and Koo, Sungtae and Lee, Jae-Dong and Lim, Sabina},
 doi = {10.14406/acu.2013.30.1.064},
 journal = {Korean Journal of Acupuncture},
 number = {1}
}

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate whether warm-needling is more effective than acupuncture in relieving the pain and improving the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis(OA). Methods : 76 volunteers with knee OA participated in the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received warm-needling(n=38), while the other group received acupuncture(n=38). Sixteen sessions of warm-needling or acupuncture were conducted on the pain region of each problematic knee over a period of 8 weeks. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC) scores, physical health score based on the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey(SF-36) and the Global Assessment(PGA) was measured. Results : Compared to the acupuncture group, the warm-needling group showed a significant decrease in pain, function, and total WOMAC scores according to the Mann-Whitney U-test. The PGA scores of the warm-needling group also showed a significant improvement compared to the acupuncture group. Conclusions : Warm-needling showed a greater pain relief effect on knee OA compared to the acupuncture group. These findings suggest that warm-needling may be a promising alternative therapy for treating knee OA.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture for the treatment of pain of osteoarthritic knees},
 type = {article},
 year = {1994},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis},
 pages = {118-122},
 volume = {7},
 websites = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/art.1790070304},
 month = {9},
 publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Inc.},
 day = {1},
 id = {81e0c74b-b615-3a6c-a3f8-4398be5124a0},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.308Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:45.355Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Takeda1994},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether acupuncture was more effective than sham acupuncture in the reduction of pain in persons with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.Methods. Forty subjects (20 men, 20 women) with radiographic evidence of OA of the knee were stratified by gender and randomly assigned to either the experimental (real acupuncture) or control (sham acupuncture) groups. Subjects were treated three times per week for 3 weeks and evaluated at three test sessions. Outcome measures were: 1) the Pain Rating Index of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, 2) the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index, and 3) pain threshold at four sites at the knee.Results. The analyses of variance showed that both real and sham acupuncture significantly reduced pain, stiffness, and physical disability in the OA knee, but that there were no significant differences between groups.Conclusions. Acupuncture is not more effective than sham acupuncture in the treatment of OA pain.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Takeda, Wendy and Wessel, Jean},
 doi = {10.1002/art.1790070304},
 journal = {Arthritis & Rheumatism},
 number = {3}
}

Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether acupuncture was more effective than sham acupuncture in the reduction of pain in persons with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee.Methods. Forty subjects (20 men, 20 women) with radiographic evidence of OA of the knee were stratified by gender and randomly assigned to either the experimental (real acupuncture) or control (sham acupuncture) groups. Subjects were treated three times per week for 3 weeks and evaluated at three test sessions. Outcome measures were: 1) the Pain Rating Index of the McGill Pain Questionnaire, 2) the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) Osteoarthritis Index, and 3) pain threshold at four sites at the knee.Results. The analyses of variance showed that both real and sham acupuncture significantly reduced pain, stiffness, and physical disability in the OA knee, but that there were no significant differences between groups.Conclusions. Acupuncture is not more effective than sham acupuncture in the treatment of OA pain.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture for pain relief after total knee arthroplasty: A randomized controlled trial},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 pages = {31-36},
 volume = {40},
 websites = {https://insights.ovid.com/pubmed?pmid=25158837,http://content.wkhealth.com/linkback/openurl?sid=WKPTLP:landingpage&an=00115550-201501000-00006},
 month = {1},
 publisher = {Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine},
 day = {1},
 id = {b47c5f4e-c392-3683-bfac-a021ac2e902f},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.312Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:45.006Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Chen2015d},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of acupuncture in relieving acute postoperative pain is still controversial. This patient-evaluator blinded and sham auricular acupuncture (AA)-controlled study tested whether acupuncture is effective in controlling acute postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty.\n\nMETHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive true acupuncture (knee, scalp, and AA) or sham AA. All procedures were conducted under general anesthesia, and the AA needles were retained in situ for 3 days. Postoperative pain was managed with intravenous fentanyl using a patient-controlled analgesia pump. The amount of postoperative fentanyl required, the time to the first fentanyl request, pain intensity on a 100-mm visual analog scale, incidence of analgesia-related adverse effects, and success of patients' blinding were recorded.\n\nRESULTS: This study comprised 60 patients (30 in the study group and 30 in the control group). The fentanyl requirement via patient-controlled analgesia in the study group was lower [mean (SD), 620.7 (258.2) vs 868.6 (319.3) μg; P = 0.002). The time to first request for fentanyl was longer in the study group. Pain intensity on a 100-mm visual analog scale was lower in the study group in the first 24 hours after the operation. The incidence of analgesia-related adverse effects of nausea and vomiting was lower in the study group. The success of blinding was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 0.731).\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The data obtained from this clinical trial demonstrate the potential advantages of using acupuncture for postoperative pain control after total knee arthroplasty.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Chen, Chun Chieh and Yang, Chien Chung and Hu, Chih Chien and Shih, Hsin Nung and Chang, Yu Han and Hsieh, Pang Hsin},
 doi = {10.1097/AAP.0000000000000138},
 journal = {Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine},
 number = {1},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis}
}

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The effectiveness of acupuncture in relieving acute postoperative pain is still controversial. This patient-evaluator blinded and sham auricular acupuncture (AA)-controlled study tested whether acupuncture is effective in controlling acute postoperative pain after total knee arthroplasty.\n\nMETHODS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive true acupuncture (knee, scalp, and AA) or sham AA. All procedures were conducted under general anesthesia, and the AA needles were retained in situ for 3 days. Postoperative pain was managed with intravenous fentanyl using a patient-controlled analgesia pump. The amount of postoperative fentanyl required, the time to the first fentanyl request, pain intensity on a 100-mm visual analog scale, incidence of analgesia-related adverse effects, and success of patients' blinding were recorded.\n\nRESULTS: This study comprised 60 patients (30 in the study group and 30 in the control group). The fentanyl requirement via patient-controlled analgesia in the study group was lower [mean (SD), 620.7 (258.2) vs 868.6 (319.3) μg; P = 0.002). The time to first request for fentanyl was longer in the study group. Pain intensity on a 100-mm visual analog scale was lower in the study group in the first 24 hours after the operation. The incidence of analgesia-related adverse effects of nausea and vomiting was lower in the study group. The success of blinding was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 0.731).\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The data obtained from this clinical trial demonstrate the potential advantages of using acupuncture for postoperative pain control after total knee arthroplasty.

@misc{
 title = {Acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review},
 type = {misc},
 year = {2001},
 source = {Arthritis and Rheumatism},
 pages = {819-825},
 volume = {44},
 issue = {4},
 websites = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/1529-0131%28200104%2944%3A4%3C819%3A%3AAID-ANR138%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P},
 month = {4},
 id = {4773b248-b9a4-31eb-9d00-e0e0aea1213a},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.488Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:44.344Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Ezzo2001a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trials of acupuncture for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, to assess the methodologic quality of the trials and determine whether low-quality trials are associated with positive outcomes, to document adverse effects, to identify patient or treatment characteristics associated with positive response, and to identify areas of future research. METHODS: Eight databases and 62 conference abstract series were searched. Randomized or quasi-randomized trials of all languages were included and evaluated for methodologic quality using the Jadad scale. Outcomes were pain, function, global improvement, and imaging. Data could not be pooled; therefore, a best-evidence synthesis was performed to determine the strength of evidence by control group. The adequacy of the acupuncture procedure was assessed by 2 acupuncturists trained in treating OA and blinded to study results. RESULTS: Seven trials representing 393 patients with knee OA were identified. For pain and function, there was limited evidence that acupuncture is more effective than being on a waiting list for treatment or having treatment as usual. For pain, there was strong evidence that real acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture; however, for function, there was inconclusive evidence that real acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture. There was insufficient evidence to determine whether the efficacy of acupuncture is similar to that of other treatments. CONCLUSION: The existing evidence suggests that acupuncture may play a role in the treatment of knee OA. Future research should define an optimal acupuncture treatment, measure quality of life, and assess acupuncture combined with other modalities.},
 bibtype = {misc},
 author = {Ezzo, Jeanette and Hadhazy, Victoria and Birch, Stephen and Lao, Lixing and Kaplan, Gary and Hochberg, Marc and Berman, Brian},
 doi = {10.1002/1529-0131(200104)44:4<819::AID-ANR138>3.0.CO;2-P},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis}
}

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trials of acupuncture for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, to assess the methodologic quality of the trials and determine whether low-quality trials are associated with positive outcomes, to document adverse effects, to identify patient or treatment characteristics associated with positive response, and to identify areas of future research. METHODS: Eight databases and 62 conference abstract series were searched. Randomized or quasi-randomized trials of all languages were included and evaluated for methodologic quality using the Jadad scale. Outcomes were pain, function, global improvement, and imaging. Data could not be pooled; therefore, a best-evidence synthesis was performed to determine the strength of evidence by control group. The adequacy of the acupuncture procedure was assessed by 2 acupuncturists trained in treating OA and blinded to study results. RESULTS: Seven trials representing 393 patients with knee OA were identified. For pain and function, there was limited evidence that acupuncture is more effective than being on a waiting list for treatment or having treatment as usual. For pain, there was strong evidence that real acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture; however, for function, there was inconclusive evidence that real acupuncture is more effective than sham acupuncture. There was insufficient evidence to determine whether the efficacy of acupuncture is similar to that of other treatments. CONCLUSION: The existing evidence suggests that acupuncture may play a role in the treatment of knee OA. Future research should define an optimal acupuncture treatment, measure quality of life, and assess acupuncture combined with other modalities.

@book{
 title = {Acupuncture for pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review.},
 type = {book},
 year = {2008},
 source = {Arthritis and rheumatism},
 pages = {1249–1256},
 volume = {59},
 issue = {9},
 websites = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/art.24009},
 month = {9},
 publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company},
 day = {15},
 id = {7803750d-f28b-34b4-bec6-37ee4f5d4ee2},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.512Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:45.698Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Wang2008},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the efficacy of acupuncture on pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search of 12 western and Chinese databases and reference lists through March 2008. We included randomized controlled trials with pain as an end point, measured by tender joint count (TJC) or a pain scale. We also reviewed the effect of acupuncture on morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Study quality was assessed by Jadad score. Differences between treatment groups were pooled as mean or median change (P value). RESULTS: Eight studies met eligibility criteria with a total of 536 subjects. There were 4 placebo-controlled trials and 4 active-controlled trials. Average study duration was 11 weeks. Mean +/- SD acupuncture points and sessions were 11 +/- 8 and 42 +/- 62, respectively. Average duration of needle insertion was 24 minutes. Six studies reported a decrease in pain for acupuncture versus controls; the mean or median changes of acupuncture-decreased TJC pain ranged from 1.5 to 6.5. In addition, 4 studies reported a significant reduction in morning stiffness (mean change -29 minutes), but the difference was nonsignificant versus controls. With regard to inflammatory markers, 5 studies observed a reduction in ESR (mean change -3.9 mm/hour) and 3 observed a CRP level reduction (mean change -2.9 mg/dl); only 1 study showed a significant difference for both ESR and CRP. CONCLUSION: Despite some favorable results in active-controlled trials, conflicting evidence exists in placebo-controlled trials concerning the efficacy of acupuncture for RA. Rigorous and well-controlled randomized trials are warranted.},
 bibtype = {book},
 author = {Wang, Chenchen and de Pablo, Paola and Chen, Xiaoyan and Schmid, Christopher and McAlindon, Timothy},
 doi = {10.1002/art.24009},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis}
}

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the efficacy of acupuncture on pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We performed a comprehensive search of 12 western and Chinese databases and reference lists through March 2008. We included randomized controlled trials with pain as an end point, measured by tender joint count (TJC) or a pain scale. We also reviewed the effect of acupuncture on morning stiffness, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Study quality was assessed by Jadad score. Differences between treatment groups were pooled as mean or median change (P value). RESULTS: Eight studies met eligibility criteria with a total of 536 subjects. There were 4 placebo-controlled trials and 4 active-controlled trials. Average study duration was 11 weeks. Mean +/- SD acupuncture points and sessions were 11 +/- 8 and 42 +/- 62, respectively. Average duration of needle insertion was 24 minutes. Six studies reported a decrease in pain for acupuncture versus controls; the mean or median changes of acupuncture-decreased TJC pain ranged from 1.5 to 6.5. In addition, 4 studies reported a significant reduction in morning stiffness (mean change -29 minutes), but the difference was nonsignificant versus controls. With regard to inflammatory markers, 5 studies observed a reduction in ESR (mean change -3.9 mm/hour) and 3 observed a CRP level reduction (mean change -2.9 mg/dl); only 1 study showed a significant difference for both ESR and CRP. CONCLUSION: Despite some favorable results in active-controlled trials, conflicting evidence exists in placebo-controlled trials concerning the efficacy of acupuncture for RA. Rigorous and well-controlled randomized trials are warranted.

@article{
 title = {Acupuncture provides short-term pain relief for patients in a total joint replacement program.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2015},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis},
 pages = {1195-203},
 volume = {16},
 websites = {https://academic.oup.com/painmedicine/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/pme.12685,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28661695,http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/acm.2017.0052,http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25586769,http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/arti},
 month = {6},
 publisher = {NIH Public Access},
 day = {29},
 id = {ec77770e-5310-38b5-aa21-bec7acb6fd31},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.515Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:46.027Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Crespin2015},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {OBJECTIVE Given the risks of opioid medications, nonpharmacological strategies should be considered for total joint replacement patients. We investigated acupuncture as an adjunct therapy for postsurgical pain management in a total joint replacement program by examining which total hip and knee replacement patients elected to receive acupuncture and the effect of acupuncture on short-term pain. DESIGN A total joint replacement program using fast-track physiotherapy offered elective postsurgical acupuncture to all patients, at no additional cost, as an adjunct therapy to opioids for pain management. SETTING The Joint Replacement Center at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, a 630-bed teaching and specialty hospital in Minneapolis, Minnesota from 2010 to 2012. SUBJECTS Our sample included 2,500 admissions of total hip (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) patients. METHODS Self-reported pain was assessed before and after acupuncture using a 0-10 scale and categorized as none/mild (0-4) and moderate/severe pain (5-10). RESULTS Seventy-five percent of admissions included acupuncture. Women (Odds Ratio: 1.48, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.22, 1.81) had higher odds of receiving acupuncture compared to men, and nonwhite patients (Odds Ratio: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.78) had lower odds of receiving acupuncture compared to white patients. Average short-term pain reduction was 1.91 points (95% CI: 1.83, 1.99), a 45% reduction from the mean prepain score. Forty-one percent of patients reported moderate/severe pain prior to receiving acupuncture, while only 15% indicated moderate/severe pain after acupuncture. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture may be a viable adjunct to pharmacological approaches for pain management after THR or TKR.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Crespin, Daniel J. and Griffin, Kristen H. and Johnson, Jill R. and Miller, Cynthia and Finch, Michael D. and Rivard, Rachael L. and Anseth, Scott and Dusek, Jeffery A.},
 doi = {10.1111/pme.12685},
 journal = {Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.)},
 number = {6}
}

OBJECTIVE Given the risks of opioid medications, nonpharmacological strategies should be considered for total joint replacement patients. We investigated acupuncture as an adjunct therapy for postsurgical pain management in a total joint replacement program by examining which total hip and knee replacement patients elected to receive acupuncture and the effect of acupuncture on short-term pain. DESIGN A total joint replacement program using fast-track physiotherapy offered elective postsurgical acupuncture to all patients, at no additional cost, as an adjunct therapy to opioids for pain management. SETTING The Joint Replacement Center at Abbott Northwestern Hospital, a 630-bed teaching and specialty hospital in Minneapolis, Minnesota from 2010 to 2012. SUBJECTS Our sample included 2,500 admissions of total hip (THR) and total knee replacement (TKR) patients. METHODS Self-reported pain was assessed before and after acupuncture using a 0-10 scale and categorized as none/mild (0-4) and moderate/severe pain (5-10). RESULTS Seventy-five percent of admissions included acupuncture. Women (Odds Ratio: 1.48, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.22, 1.81) had higher odds of receiving acupuncture compared to men, and nonwhite patients (Odds Ratio: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.78) had lower odds of receiving acupuncture compared to white patients. Average short-term pain reduction was 1.91 points (95% CI: 1.83, 1.99), a 45% reduction from the mean prepain score. Forty-one percent of patients reported moderate/severe pain prior to receiving acupuncture, while only 15% indicated moderate/severe pain after acupuncture. CONCLUSIONS Acupuncture may be a viable adjunct to pharmacological approaches for pain management after THR or TKR.

@article{
 title = {Pain management with acupuncture in osteoarthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.},
 type = {article},
 year = {2014},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis},
 pages = {312},
 volume = {14},
 websites = {http://bmccomplementalternmed.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-6882-14-312,http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4158087&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract},
 month = {12},
 day = {23},
 id = {713ad9f5-002c-39e5-b71c-517d20143e77},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.517Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:44.019Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Manyanga2014a},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 abstract = {BACKGROUND: The utility of acupuncture in managing osteoarthritis symptoms is uncertain. Trial results are conflicting and previous systematic reviews may have overestimated the benefits of acupuncture.\n\nMETHODS: Two reviewers independently identified randomized controlled trials (up to May 2014) from multiple electronic sources (including PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and CENTRAL) and reference lists of relevant articles, extracted data and assessed risk of bias (Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool). Pooled data are expressed as mean differences (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI) (random-effects model).\n\nRESULTS: We included 12 trials (1763 participants) comparing acupuncture to sham acupuncture, no treatment or usual care. We adjudicated most trials to be unclear (64%) or high (9%) risk of bias. Acupuncture use was associated with significant reductions in pain intensity (MD -0.29, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.02, I2 0%, 10 trials, 1699 participants), functional mobility (standardized MD -0.34, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.14, I2 70%, 9 trials, 1543 participants), health-related quality of life (standardized MD -0.36, 95% CI -0.58 to -0.14, I2 50%, 3 trials, 958 participants). Subgroup analysis of pain intensity by intervention duration suggested greater pain intensity reduction with intervention periods greater than 4 weeks (MD -0.38, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.06, I2 0%, 6 trials, 1239 participants).\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The use of acupuncture is associated with significant reductions in pain intensity, improvement in functional mobility and quality of life. While the differences are not as great as shown by other reviews, current evidence supports the use of acupuncture as an alternative for traditional analgesics in patients with osteoarthritis.\n\nSYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: CRD42013005405.},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Manyanga, Taru and Froese, Maria and Zarychanski, Ryan and Abou-Setta, Ahmed and Friesen, Carol and Tennenhouse, Michael and Shay, Barbara L},
 doi = {10.1186/1472-6882-14-312},
 journal = {BMC complementary and alternative medicine},
 number = {1}
}

BACKGROUND: The utility of acupuncture in managing osteoarthritis symptoms is uncertain. Trial results are conflicting and previous systematic reviews may have overestimated the benefits of acupuncture.\n\nMETHODS: Two reviewers independently identified randomized controlled trials (up to May 2014) from multiple electronic sources (including PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and CENTRAL) and reference lists of relevant articles, extracted data and assessed risk of bias (Cochrane's Risk of Bias tool). Pooled data are expressed as mean differences (MD), with 95% confidence intervals (CI) (random-effects model).\n\nRESULTS: We included 12 trials (1763 participants) comparing acupuncture to sham acupuncture, no treatment or usual care. We adjudicated most trials to be unclear (64%) or high (9%) risk of bias. Acupuncture use was associated with significant reductions in pain intensity (MD -0.29, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.02, I2 0%, 10 trials, 1699 participants), functional mobility (standardized MD -0.34, 95% CI -0.55 to -0.14, I2 70%, 9 trials, 1543 participants), health-related quality of life (standardized MD -0.36, 95% CI -0.58 to -0.14, I2 50%, 3 trials, 958 participants). Subgroup analysis of pain intensity by intervention duration suggested greater pain intensity reduction with intervention periods greater than 4 weeks (MD -0.38, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.06, I2 0%, 6 trials, 1239 participants).\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The use of acupuncture is associated with significant reductions in pain intensity, improvement in functional mobility and quality of life. While the differences are not as great as shown by other reviews, current evidence supports the use of acupuncture as an alternative for traditional analgesics in patients with osteoarthritis.\n\nSYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: CRD42013005405.

@article{
 title = {Effectiveness of Acupuncture as Adjunctive Therapy in Osteoarthritis of the Knee},
 type = {article},
 year = {2004},
 keywords = {Acupuncture,arthritis},
 pages = {901},
 volume = {141},
 websites = {http://annals.org/article.aspx?doi=10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00006},
 month = {12},
 publisher = {American College of Physicians},
 day = {21},
 id = {2ce2e377-6f79-3362-9f9f-2ae65bd871eb},
 created = {2019-07-26T12:36:41.546Z},
 accessed = {2017-07-05},
 file_attached = {false},
 profile_id = {7c14065a-13bb-324b-8607-0543903aba09},
 group_id = {8b73cfc4-2aad-35cf-9a15-32bb1dedf858},
 last_modified = {2019-07-26T12:36:43.683Z},
 read = {false},
 starred = {false},
 authored = {false},
 confirmed = {true},
 hidden = {false},
 citation_key = {Berman2004},
 folder_uuids = {0f97bb17-ccf1-43d0-b001-cd18cb7466cf},
 private_publication = {false},
 bibtype = {article},
 author = {Berman, Brian M.},
 doi = {10.7326/0003-4819-141-12-200412210-00006},
 journal = {Annals of Internal Medicine},
 number = {12}
}